1. Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Childbirth: Managing Your Fertility6
Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Childbirth: Managing Your Fertility

2. Methods of Fertility Management
Contraception
Prevents conception
Perfect failure rate
Typical use failure rate (See Table 6.1)
Barrier methods

3. Table 6.1, part 1

4. Table 6.1, part 2

5. How to Use a Condom
Figure 6.1

6. Methods of Fertility Management
Hormonal Methods
Oral contraceptives
Pills
Depo-Provera
Ortho-Evra
Nuva Ring
Lunelle and Norplant (currently off the market)

7. Methods of Fertility Management
Surgical Methods of Sterilization
Female
Tubal ligation
Hysterectomy
Male
Vasectomy

8. Methods of Fertility Management
Other Methods of Contraception
IUDs
Progestasert
ParaGuard
Withdrawal
Emergency contraceptive pills
ECPs
Emergency minipills
Abstinence and “Outercourse”

9. The Fertility Cycle
Figure 6.4

10. Fertility Awareness Methods
Cervical Mucus Method
Body Temperature Method
The Calendar Method

11. Contraceptive Research
New Barrier Methods
Lea’s Shield
Vaginal Sponge (Protectaid)
FemCap
Contraceptives for Men
“Male Pill”
Injectable Contraceptive
Synthetic Testosterone

12. Table 6.2

13. Contraceptive Research
Implant Refinements
Population Council – Single Rod Implant Delivery System
Biodegradable Implants

14. Contraceptive Research
Injections and Vaccines For Women
Oral or injectable vaccine
Unisex Contraception
New group of drugs as gonadotropins

15. Abortion History and Methods
Landmark case Roe vs. Wade 1973
What are the main arguments on both sides of this debate?
Methods of Abortion
1) Vacuum aspiration – 1st trimester
2) Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) – 2nd trimester
3) Dilation and Curettage (D&C) – 2nd trimester

16. Vacuum Aspiration Abortion
Figure 6.5

17. Abortion History and Methods
Methods of Abortion (continued)
4) Prostaglandin or induction abortions – 2nd trimester
5) Hysterotomy – removal of the fetus surgically
6) Intact dilation and extraction (D&X) – late term abortion
7) Mifepristone (RU-486) – induces abortion by blocking progesterone used with Misoprostil (a Prostaglandin)

18. Planning a Pregnancy Emotional Health Maternal Health
Preconception care
Smoking and drinking
Caffeine
X-rays
Healthy weight

19. Planning a Pregnancy Paternal Health Klinefelter’s syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome
Financial Evaluation
Contingency Planning

20. Pregnancy Prenatal Care 30% don’t receive adequate care
Choosing a Practitioner
Ob-Gyn
Family practitioner
Midwife
Alcohol and Drugs
Birth defects
Fetal alcohol syndrome

21. Pregnancy X-Rays Nutrition and Exercise
Normal weight gain is pounds in a normal weight woman
Obese women can gain less, pounds recommended
Underweight women recommended pounds

22. Pregnancy Other Factors Avoid toxic chemicals Avoid pesticides
Toxoplasmosis – cat feces, raw meat, can have harmful organisms

23. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Facts
Woman menstruate for about 40 years
After 35, birth defects do rise
Down syndrome is NOT markedly increased with age, 80% are born to moms under 35
Pregnancy Test and Process
Pregnancy tests measure human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Fertilization

24. Fertilization
Figure 6.6

25. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Pregnancy Testing
HCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin found in urine and blood)
Early Signs of Pregnancy
Breast tenderness
Emotional upset
Nausea
Sleeplessness
Vomiting

26. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
First Trimester
Embryo
Fetus – start of third month
Second Trimester
Placenta well established
Notice changes in mother

27. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Third Trimester
6-9th month
Greatest growth
85% of calcium and iron to fetus
Pregnancy is 40 weeks gestation total
Fourth Trimester
Postpartum period – 6 weeks after the birth occurs

28. Amniocentesis
Figure 6.7

29. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Prenatal Testing and Screening
Amniocentesis – draws fluid from amniotic sac
Ultrasound or sonography – uses high-frequency sound waves
Fetoscopy – small incision and optical viewer
Chorionic villus sampling – remove tissue from around fetal attachment to the mother

30. The Birthing Process
Figure 6.8, part 1

31. The Birthing Process
Figure 6.8, part 2

32. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Childbirth
Choose a place – home or hospital
The birth process
Episiotomy
A slight incision in perineum
Some use pain-killers

33. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Perineum
Area between vulva and anus for incision if needed
Afterbirth
Placenta delivery during last stage of birth

34. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Managing Labor: Nonmedical Approaches
Birth Alternatives
Lamaze
Harris method
Childbirth without fear
Leboyer method
Bradley method
Water birth

35. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Breast-Feeding and Postpartum Period
Colostrum
Precedes milk
Thick yellow substance
Contains vital antibodies
Breast milk provides perfect nutrition
Postpartum Depression

36. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Complications
Cesarean Section
26.1% in 2002
CDC hoped to reduce to 15% by 2000 but did not meet goal

37. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Complications (continued)
Miscarriage
10% of pregnancy
Failure of egg to divide correctly
Ectopic pregnancy
Genetic abnormalities
Maternal illness
Maternal hormonal imbalance

38. A Woman’s Reproductive Years
Complications (continued)
Stillbirth
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

39. Infertility Facts Men and women affected equally
One in 6 people are infertile
Causes in Women
Endometriosis
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Causes in Men
Low sperm count
Mumps virus
Varicose veins above testes

40. Infertility Treatment 90% treatable 30-70% success
Expensive and time consuming
Fertility drugs and side effects
Alternative insemination
In vitro fertilization
Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

41. Infertility Treatment (continued)
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)
Embryo transfer (surgical and non-surgical types)
Embryo freezing
Embryo adoption

42. Infertility Options Beyond Treatment Surrogate motherhood Adoption
What are some important considerations with surrogate mothers?
Which of these alternatives seem best to you and why?