1. Nationalist Movements after WWI

2. What led to the Nationalist Movements?
Most movements started before WWI; WWI gave them a needed push
African and Asian soldiers fighting Europeans in Europe
Colonies supplied troops and raw materials
Devastation of the war crushed the myth of the European being a superior being

3. Key Ingredients of Nationalist Movements
Western-educated leaders
Charismatic leaders who could spread the ideas from the elite to the masses
Non-violent protest

4. India
Indian National Congress party led Indians to independence and governed during the early decades of the postcolonial era
Leaders began stressing the gross inequality between the British and the Indians in India (economy devastated, land devastated, racism)
Difficulty over the role of religion in the movement and emergence of B.G Tilak (first leader who appealed to the masses and stressed that Indian nationalism should be based on Hinduism)

5. India- Reforms
Morley-Minto Reforms of provided educated Indians opportunities to vote and serve on legislative councils
Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of increased the powers of the Indian legislators and put provincial administration in their hands

6. Protest Surges
1919 Rowlatt Act- government could jail protesters for as long as they wanted
This led to protests in the Punjab
Amritsar Massacre- Indians protest the Rowlatt act and 400 Indians are killed and another 1200 wounded
Prompted calls for revolution all over India

7. Mohandas Gandhi
Stress on non-violent protest- satyagraha- peaceful boycotts, strikes, non-cooperation
Western-educated with attributes of a Hindu guru, which gave him the mass peasant support the movement needed
1920s-1930s mass protest surged

8. Egypt
Quest for independence and nationalism early in Egypt and eventually led to the British occupation in 1882
Lord Cromer dominated Egypt and the gap between rich and poor grew
Landlords allied themselves to British regime, so resistance left up to the middle class- sons of the effendi (professional class)
In India lawyers led the independence movements but in Egypt journalists did

9. Egypt
A few movements emerged before the war but they were unable to unite the masses and British put down uprisings quite brutally
Dinshawai incident –1906- where the British hung four villagers after a skirmish between the British and the villagers
This demonstrated the hostility of the masses and galvanized support for popular protest
1913- British grant a constitution and representation in parliament

10. Revolt in Egypt 1919
Defense of Suez canal during the war drained resources from Egypt- increased unrest
Egypt denied participation at settlement at Versailles
Riots exploded everywhere (women, students, intellectuals)
Emergence of the Wafd party under Sa’ad Zaghulul - focus for unified action
British withdrawal in stages beginning in 1922 with the realization that they couldn’t keep tight control over Egypt anymore
This semi-independence only enriched wealthy classes and did nothing for the majority of peasants
Military coup in 1952 by Gamal Abdul Nasser

11. Middle East Turks defeated in WWI and Ottoman Empire disappeared
1923 Turkish Republic under Attaturk, who began a reform program modeled on the west
Arab nationalists turned to Britain and France who betrayed promises to preserve Arab independence and occupied land after the war

12. Mandate System

13. Emergence of Zionism
Zionism (Jewish nationalism and quest for Jewish nation-state) emerges in late 1800s partly as a result of increasing attacks against Jews in Europe (ie Pogroms in Russia)
Dreyfus Affair in 1894 – Theodor Herzl (Austrian journalist) stunned at French mobs reacting to Alfred Dreyfus (French Jew accused of passing secrets to Germans)- led to the creation of the World Zionist Organization
Balfour Declaration- British pledge in 1917 to support the creation of a Jewish state
League of Nations mandate to promise Palestine to the Jews and Zionists angered Arabs

14. Africa Most western-educated elites loyal to British and French in WWI
Africa provided manpower and materials
Local rebellions due to recruitment of Africans and economic shortages caused by war
Lost promises after WWI lead to an attempt to build pan-African movement
1930s protest increased due to Great Depression

15. Africa (contd)
1920s and 1930s beginning of organization of protest- Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. DuBois – charismatic nationalist figures
Pan-African organizations- though largely failed did arouse anti-colonial sentiments
Negritude literary movement, led in part by the great Senagalese poet, Leopold Sedar Senghor combated the racial stereotyping of the Africans
British granted more freedom for political voice than the French
Movement gave way to independent colonies struggling themselves