1. Overview of year National 5 (S4) Scotland – Migration and Empire
Britain – Changing Britain 1750 – 1900
European and World – Germany

2. National 5/6 (5th year)
Scotland – Scotland and the Impact of the Great War OR Scottish Wars of Independence OR Mgration and Empire
Britain – Making Modern Britain 1841 – 1951
Russia OR America

3. The Assignment
The assignment is an essay written under exam conditions and then sent to the SQA to be marked
You will have about 8 hours of class time to prepare your assignment
You get to choose the question you do – it can be anything

4. Scottish emigration, 1830s – 1939
Reasons for emigration - push and pull factors
Highland Clearances – reasons for, impact
Government Schemes
Emigration societies
Missionary work
Attraction of new lands
Economic
Social
Experience of Scots abroad 1830s – 1939
Modern perspective
England
Why/How many?
Impact on society, economy, native populations and heritage
Key individuals
India
North America
Australian and New Zealand
Did Scots have a significant impact on the ‘New World?’

5. Reasons for immigration – Irish, Jews, Italians
Immigration to Scotland, 1830s – 1939
Reasons for immigration – Irish, Jews, Italians
Patterns of immigrant settlement in Scotland
Impact of the Empire on Scotland
Experience of immigrants to Scotland 1830s – 1939
Living and working conditions of immigrants
Cultural Assimilation of Irish immigrants
Reaction of Scots to Irish immigration – myth and reality
The experience of other immigrant groups (esp Jewish, Italian and Lithuanians)

6. Expectations
You chose to be in history therefore 100% effort and attention is expected
Homework should be done to the highest possible standard and handed in ON TIME
Behaviour is expected to be excellent
Bring materials
Catch up if you miss anything, it is not Mrs B’s job to ensure you have all the notes you miss!

7. Icebreaker
Turn to the person next to you and gather the following information to relay to the rest of the class
Name
Why they chose to take History
An answer to the following question
If you could have dinner with ANY figure from history who would it be and why?

8. Reasons for Scottish Emigration Push or Pull?
Migration and Empire
Reasons for Scottish Emigration
Push or Pull?

9. Starter You want to leave Scotland and seek you fortunes elsewhere
Why do you want to go? Are there any attractions elsewhere or something making you go?
Give as many examples as possible

10. What do we mean by push or pull?
A PUSH factor is a hardship or issue which makes you want to leave
A PULL factor is an attraction or incentive to go someplace else
Look at the factors we noted as a class
Colour in RED the ones you think are PUSH factor and BLUE the ones you think are PULL factors

11. “I’m fed up working as a servant for so little money.”
What do the following sources show as major factors for people leaving Scotland in the 19th Century?
“I’m not needed on the farm. The farmer uses all sorts of machines and doesn’t need me.”
“I’ve had to leave my little home in the country. The farmer wants to plough up the land to make a bigger field.”
“I’m fed up working as a servant for so little money.”
I earned a decent living from fishing for a while, but now you can’t catch and sell enough to live on. “
“I used to have a good factory job but trade is poor just now and my employer doesn’t need me.”
“I used to weave cloth at home on a handloom. Factories and machines do that now.”

12. PUSH factors that made people think of emigrating
Problems in:
PUSH factors that made people think of emigrating
Farming
In the early 19th century many people who lived by farming lost their homes and old way of life. Rich farmers moved them off their land so as to grow more food and use farm machinery on big fields. Farm workers lived very hard lives, working long hours for poor pay. Overseas competition made many farmers give up.
Fishing
During the 19th century Scottish fishermen found it very hard to catch and sell enough fish. After 1918 they suffered even more.
Industries
Scottish industries grew in the nineteenth century. But they depended on selling much of what they produced abroad and suffered when trade was poor.
During the 1920s and 30s they suffered greatly. Many workers lost their jobs and became unemployed.
Craft work
New ways of making large numbers of products in factories ruined the jobs of skilled craftsmen like handloom weavers and shoemakers.
Behaviour
Until 1867 some people who were found guilty of crimes were sent to Australia. In Australia, there were convict settlements.

13. Poverty
What factors could cause an individual to fall into poverty?

14. Reasons for poverty in the 19th and 20th centuries
New machinery into factories, poor trade, poorly paid jobs and rising living costs all played a part in pushing Scots to other countries.
In the 1870s and after the First World War farmers suffered badly from foreign competition.
In the 1920’s and even more so in the 1930s, Scottish industries found it difficult to sell what they produced.
Competition from abroad and troubles with world trade after the 1929 Wall Street crash both played a part in this decline.
These developments only increased the desire of poorer people to seek a better life elsewhere.

15. THINK!
Why might farming be difficult in the Highlands in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Discuss in your pairs
It was cold and wet
It was remote
The people were old fashioned
There was no spare money to spend on change
BUT – for generations the system in the North of Scotland worked, so what changed?

16. Increasing pressure
From 1750 – 1840 the population across Britain as a whole had risen by 15 million people
In the same period the population of the Highlands increased by 53 per cent
The main reason for the increase in the Highlands was the cultivation of the potato – a sturdy crop providing energy rich food.
What IMPACT do you think this increase in population would have on the Highlanders’ lives? What might they do? Give a fully explained answer from the perspective of
A Highland crofter
A Highland Landowner

17. Economy
The Highlanders could not cope with the impact population growth had on their economy
The landowners saw an opportunity to raise rents
Land had to be divided and subdivided – with each generation rations were tightened
This led to pressure on the existing land and reduced quality and quantity of produce
The crofters could not afford the increasing rent due to competition so landowners ALSO lost money in the long run

18. The Potato Blight
In 1864 potato blight wiped out the potato crop in the west coast of Scotland leaving 150,000 people in famine
Any relief for the starving highlanders HAD to come from the landowners – many nearly went bankrupt trying to sustain their communities
The collapse of the highland economy forced many Landowners looked to more profitable ways of using their land

19. Clearing
To make land more profitable landowners encouraged trading of cattle in cities
They then bought in sheep to farm and graze the rugged landscape
Finally, deer were bought in in an attempt to boost a hunting industry
In order to do this the existing tenants had to be cleared

20. The Highland Clearances
We are going to watch a film about the most famous Clearances in Sutherland which took place before 1830,
There will be a series of questions to answer after the video – ensure notes are detailed!

21. Activity
Using what you have learned so far write a short paragraph in your jotter explaining why the Highland economy collapsed and how landowners sought to combat these changes

22. Questions – answer in full and detailed sentences
What breed of sheep was introduced in the Highlands in 1792 and why were they introduced
Who did the Countess of Sutherland employ to ensure the improvements on her land took place?
Why did the Count and Countess of Sutherland require more money?
Give an example of the violent methods used by the factors in Sutherland
Why were the people in Strathcarron so poor?
Explain why the Greenyard Clearances has been described as the ‘massacre of the Rosses’
Why is the statue of the Duke of Sutherland so controversial?
Describe the experiences of Highlanders when they moved to coastal regions such as Helmsdale, were they entirely negative?
Which countries did many Highlanders emigrate to?

23. Other changes
It was not just the Highlanders who suffered due to changes in Agriculture, many labourers and lowland farm workers could not afford to improve their land or pay rents either.
Many moved to the cities to seek work but many also moved overseas
Poverty was a huge PUSH factor

24. Emigration
Eventually the landowners turned to emigration as a solution to their population problem
Read the following passage from historian Eric Richards about what happened

25. The people evicted the classic period of the clearances ( ) were often relocated within the estates of the landlord; many shifted off to neighbouring estates or counties; many families eventually found their way to Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee, joining the factory workforce…Many of the women became domestics for the wealthy middle classes of urban central Scotland. Other migrated abroad, becoming Highlanders of eastern Canada, New Zealand, the United States and Australia. Many nurtured grievances which they passed on to their children and their children too.
Read through the source and answer the following IN YOUR OWN WORDS and full and detailed sentences
What jobs did Highlanders take up within Scotland?
Which countries did Highlanders migrate too? Can you give any reason WHY they MIGHT have chosen these place?
Why do you think many Highlanders ‘nurtured grievances’?

26. ‘The Last of the Clan’ by Thomas Faed, 1865
What does this source tell us about the IMPACT of the Highland Clearances and subsequent emigration?
In your answer try to mention as many SPECIFIC parts of the picture as you can

27. Glossary
In groups come up with a definition for each of these words or terms (remember to leave some room in case you need to change your answer)
Skilled worker
Unskilled worker
Urban
Rural
The Highlands
The Lowlands

28. The Lowlands
The need or desire for land was not a major concern for the urban emigrant from the Scottish Lowlands.
The decision to emigrate from this part of Scotland was purely voluntary
Emigration was seen as a practical solution to many problems
Lowlanders were moved to leave by a combination of low wages, poor housing conditions and unemployment.
The high points in emigration statistics corresponded with years of severe economic depression.
These occurred in the late 1840s and early 1850s, the mid-1880s, and the period 1906–13.

29. Emigration figures
The Emigration Act of 1851 made emigration more freely available to the poorest people in society and as a result there were four great surges of emigration in the 19th and early 20th century (1850s, 1870s, the early 1900s and the inter-war period).
In the 25 years from 1825 records show that there were well below 10,000 emigrants most years. From the 1850s this rose to around 20,000 and during 1875 to 1900 it increased again to between20,000 and 30,000.

30. Activity – Poverty and emigration
Use the information sheets and your notes to complete the following tasks –
Create two DETAILED spider diagrams/mind maps in your jotter;
One giving details surrounding Lowland migration (why, when, where etc.)
One doing the same for Highland migration
Use colour to show areas of similarity – make this clear!

31. Migration patterns
The rise in emigration from urban areas saw a shift in the pattern of overseas settlement and the social status of emigrants.
In the early 19th century it was the poorer members of society who chose to migrate: from the Highlands it was landless peasants; from the Lowlands it was unemployed craftsmen, labourers and small farmers.
The country of settlement tended to be Canada. In fact, in the period 1825–1835 over 70 per cent of emigrants from Scotland settled there.
Unskilled labourers tended to opt for Canada and Australia, while skilled workers preferred South Africa and the USA. The middle classes strongly preferred South Africa
However other countries were also heavily colonised by Scots

32. Forced ‘Emigration’
Although migration to the cities and England was very popular, many Scots chose to leave the British isles altogether.
Up to 1867 many Scots were forced to migrate whether they wanted to or not!
Their destinations were the convict colonies in Australia.
Is this a push or pull factor?!

33. Life for a Scot’s convict
Of the 160,000 convicts sent to Australia 7,600 were Scottish
Convict life in the very early days would have been very hard, because there wasn’t a real British society in Australia and basically they had to build the colonies themselves.
Life on the colonies was hard and days were long, but some colonists got on better than others…

34. Convict Life Watch the video clip, take notes
Answer the following in the form of paragraphs
In your own words describe, in detail, life for the convicts in Australia, give a balanced viewpoint
Describe the experiences of Scots once they had finished their sentences, where did they go, what jobs did they take up, did they all go home?

35. What problems after the First World War caused Scots to emigrate?
In 1923, 88,584 people emigrated from Scotland. So many people left that the population of Scotland actually decreased.
The Highlands lost the most however, the far North and the Lowlands also so mass emigration

36. Reasons
The reasons for emigration are complicated but they are closely linked with the economic problems that Scotland experienced after the First World War
A decline in
Fishing
Shipbuilding
Engineering
Steel
Coal
The country had depended on these industries but could not keep up with foreign competition.
The fishing industry in particular was affected badly by european competition and the fact that Russia was no longer a buyer.
This meant that many Highlanders again lost their incomes (all be it part time ones)

37. In the Lowlands, the increasing use of machines and cheap food imports caused more people to leave.
Scots also left because countries like the USA started to limit how many people they would allow in.
In 1923 many Scots rushed to America to ensure they got in before the limits were reached

38. Emigration after 1930
Emigration from Scotland continued after 1930 but at a much less frantic pace.
Generally, times of significant emigration coincided with times of economic downturn.
No new enterprises had been developed in Scotland to replace the industry that had been lost
People continued to leave as unemployment was much higher in Scotland that elsewhere in the UK and industries such as shipbuilding saw no significant recovery and no meaningful interventions or help from the government. It is no surprise that this period of time also saw the rise of the labour party on Clydeside as an advocate of the workers.

39. Scots would have been popular emigrants
can you give any reasons why this may be the case?
Can you give any arguments against?

40. PULL factors – attraction to new land
WE WANT PEOPLE WHO ARE:
educated
skilled workers
ambitious
adventurous
not just poor people
The governments that ruled the different parts of the British Empire were eager to attract certain types of people.

41. What does the following source tell us about social make up Scottish emigrants and why they chose to go?
‘By no means all emigrants were destitute, disillusioned or hounded out. Many had cash in their pockets as well as hope in their hearts, and carried with them a clear plan for the future as well as the means to implement their ideas’

42. Opportunities – please take notes
Opportunities abroad and the prospect of a better life was one of the main factors for emigration from Scotland. However, not all of the opportunities abroad allowed Scots to emigrate permanently. Some opportunities only leaned themselves to temporary migration. Thus, reverse migration was also common at this time.
Where the best opportunities lay was very much dependent upon where you came from or where your skills lay.
For example, the USA tended to attract those from industrial communities. In the 1880s a study showed that 3/4 of Scots emigrants in the USA were from urban, rather than rural areas.
Canada, Australia and New Zealand still remained very attractive to tenant farmers.
Canada took the vast majority of Scots emigrants up until the 1840s.
A very clear example of a major wave of emigration (that is directly linked to opportunity) is the fact that during the gold rush of the 1850s around 90,000 Scots left for Australia alone.

43. Using the source below sum up, in your own words, the attractions of emigration for both successful and poor Scots
Scots were lured overseas by a variety of economic, social and cultural inducements. The promise of independence through landownership was a powerful magnet. The artisans produced by Scotland’s increasingly urban and industrial society sought higher wages and better working conditions. For many, the anticipated neighbourliness, cooperation and familiarity of an established Scottish settlement were incentives just as important as material gain and the absence of domineering landlords.

44. Attraction of new lands
Countries like Canada, Australia and New Zealand had agents who held meetings to try and persuade these desirable Scots to their country.
Scots had to be pulled to new lands by believing they would be better off there. Pamphlets were often illustrated to make the country concerned look attractive

46. Activity Read the information sheet ‘Why did People go?’
Complete the last on the last page
You will need a DOUBLE page in your jotter to do this. (you can use lined A4 if easier)
You have 20 minutes in class to finish this
MUST be done for next lesson (jotters will be collected)

47. Encouraging the skilled poor
Some companies offered new land and cheap housing as lure to get skilled Scot’s farmers to work their land.
A good example of this is the British-American Land Company (est.1833)who bought over a million acres of land in Quebec and needed skilled farmers to work it for them
The company helped at least 60 families move from the Outer Hebrides to start a new life farming this land

48. Can you afford to go?
Some people had no jobs so were keen to emigrate having heard about the wonderful stories of great opportunities throughout the British Empire. But lack of funding was a major issue.

49. Who paid?
Some people had no jobs so were keen to emigrate having heard about the wonderful stories of great opportunities throughout the British Empire. But lack of funding was a major issue.
Firstly discuss in groups then in your jotter come up with a list of people who may help meet the cost of sending emigrants overseas. Try to come up with as many as possible.
In your answer you must also explain WHY you think they would have helped.

50. Who paid? – copy in to your jotter
The Government
Landowners
The owners of estates who wanted to reduce the numbers living on their lands were sometimes ready to help with the costs.
Charities
The sufferings of poor people led to some better-off people organising help for them. One form of help was support for emigration.
Colonial Governments
They appointed agents who travelled about the country giving talks and handing out information produced by the colonial governments. The emigrants were offered help with their travel expenses. Some were offered land and others offered jobs

51. The Government
The government actually did very little to help people emigrate in the 19th century.
The exception was the £10,000 they provided in 1880 to evicted Highland crofters
More help was given after the First World war – can you think of any reasons why?
The reason the government helped people after WW1 was that they saw emigration as part of the solution to dealing with the socio-economic issues Britain faced after the war. Particularly unemployment due to the lack of industry

52. Government
The Gov’ set up the Overseas Settlement Committee, which began to help ex-servicemen overseas. This was successful at first but the scheme only lasted until 1923 and helped less than a third of those who applied
In 1922 the government also passed the Empire Settlement Act, which gave £3million to help with resettlement, land purchase and training.
However, by 1937 this funding was halved.

53. Landowners – Some examples
Estate landowners encouraged emigration as the people were not as profitable as sheep or enclosure farming
Some landowners were genuine in their concern for the tenants by negotiating for land overseas on behalf of their tenants; Lord Selkirk and the Duke of Hamilton gave their tenants considerable help
However, some landlords like Colonol Gordon were ruthless in their evictions. Gordon evicted 1770 people form his estates in the Hebrides but failed to fund their move to Canada properly causing outrage both at home and amongst the emigrants who did make it overseas.

54. Charities
In the early nineteenth century, as factory-made textiles became common, the weavers who had made cloth on hand-looms were thrown out of work.
At least 2,000 of them were helped to re-settle in Canada by charities, with a little government support. Saint Barnado’s did a little work in Scotland.

55. William Quarrier
Between 1869 and 1939 over 100,000 children were migrated from the United Kingdom to Canada by British philanthropic organisations
The Scottish philanthropist William Quarrier ( ) through his Orphan Homes of Scotland was involved in the migration of 7,000 of these ‘Home Children’.

56. Emigration Societies
Scots had skills which were particularly attractive to the US and Canada.
They were excellent farmers and were skilled in shipbuilding, railways and steam engines.
In the 19th century a network of emigration societies were set up across Scotland to encourage workers to move.
Representatives form places such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the USA would hold meetings, both private and public, to encourage new emigrants.

57. Why did colonial governments help Scottish emigrants?
Many of the nations which encouraged Scottish migrants were fairly juvenile nations themselves
Canada hoped to attract well qualified farmers and workers to develop their economy and continued to do so until they hit an economic slump in 1930

58. The success of family members in the New World encouraged many
The fact that there was a support network of fellow Scots in existence was an important reason why many emigrated
George Mackie, a Scot who settled in Australia in 1851 wrote:
‘Nothing can rejoice a Scotchman’s heart more than finding large numbers of them settled all through the district and all doing well…’

59. Assessment
You have to cover a set of outcomes over the year to be eligible for an award at N5
Mrs Bryson will give you a copy of these outcomes
In tomorrows lesson you will be doing a Unit Assessment
We will be assessing TWO outcomes

60. Unit Assessments OPEN BOOK SKILLS based No time limit
Opportunity to resit

61. ‘Describe’ questions
The task in this question is to make 5 or 6 points from recalled knowledge that clearly help to answer the question that has been set.
You will be credited for each accurate and relevant point.
You can be credited for adding a developed point (more detail).

62. Example
Q. Describe the problems facing the poor in the early 20th century. A. Poor people faced many different problems in Britain in the early twentieth century. Many poor people were unemployed and had no money to look after themselves and their families. Often the poor lived in overcrowded housing conditions, often living in a single room or sharing with other families. The cramped and damp housing conditions often led to ill health and disease could spread among the poor very easily. Poor people usually had very poor diets which also contributed to their poor health. Doctors had to be paid for at this time so many people often died without having been treated by a doctor as could not afford help. Another problem facing poor people at this time was that they did not have the opportunity to get a good education. This meant that poor people did not have the skills or qualifications to escape poverty.

63. ‘Explain’ questions
For this question you need to give reasons why something happened and you must clearly link your evidence to the question.
Aim to explain 5/6 individual points
You must not just LIST evidence
You must make it clear EXACTLY how these facts did or did not allow something to happen

64. Example
Q. Explain the reasons why so many Irish people immigrated to Scotland A. There are many reasons which explain why Irish people immigrated to Scotland. Firstly people in Ireland were living in extreme poverty, particularly the Catholic population, this meant that they immigrated to seek a better lifestyle and employment in Scotland. The potato famine of also caused Irish immigration as many people moved otherwise they would have faced starvation. The British government was very slow to deal with the famine crisis in Ireland so many took matters into their own hands and immigrated to Scotland rather than wait for help which may not come. Irish people also immigrated to Scotland because passage to Scotland was cheap meaning that even the very poor could often afford to come. Scotland was an attractive destination for Irish immigrants as there was no language barrier and many Irish shared religious and cultural roots with their Scots counterparts.