1. Teaching Methodologies
with Technology
Dr. CK Tan, UMS

2. Some T & L methods using computer: Concept mapping:
Map ideas in boxes, connecting ideas,
Drill and practice:
Provide a variety of questions with varied formats
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

3. Some T & L methods using computer: Tutorial:
Computers acts as the teacher
Check students’ responses with appropriate feedback
Games:
Recreational games for building computer literacy
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

4. Some T & L methods using computer: Discovery:
Learners employ an information retrieval strategy to get info from database
Problem solving:
Analyze presented data/info, define problem, state hypotheses, perform experiments, create solutions
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

5. Integrated Learning System (ILS):
Networked computers equipped with software to present materials
(e-learning LMS such as Moodle, Blackboard, WebCT etc)
Tracks individual student progress
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

6. Concrete-Abstract Continuum:
… concrete experience help students integrate prior experience and thus facilitate learning of abstract concepts
(Robert Heinich et. al., 2002)
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

7. Cone of experience (Edgar Dale, 1969)
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

8. Takes more time but meaningful learning experience
Concreteness:
Takes more time but meaningful learning experience
Abstractness:
Save time, more info through printed or spoken words but may lost in learning
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

9. INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS
Cooperative learning
Discovery
Problem solving
Instructional games
Simulation
Discussion
Drill and practice
Tutorial
Demonstration
Presentation
Dr. CK Tan, UMS

10. INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNIQUES
Focusing questions
Highlighting
Analogies
Mnemonics
Imagery
Concept maps
Embedded questions
Feedback
Case studies
Role playing
Dr. CK Tan, UMS

11. Cooperative Learning Method
Cooperative learning is an instructional paradigm in which
teams of students work on structured tasks (e.g., homework
assignments, laboratory experiments, or design projects).
Learning is via social interaction among group members.
(Johnson, Johnson, and Smith, 1998)
Approach:
Constructivist
Example of activity:
- assignment
- project
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

12. Advantageous of cooperative learning: Active learning Social skills
Interdependence
Individual accountability
Yield better acquisition and retention of lesson content and better interpersonal and thinking skills
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

13. Examples on cooperative learning:
In a science project, one student is assigned to search the internet, another goes the library for background research and others design and conduct experiments; then meet to discuss
Implementation of cooperative learning can also be computer-based (info sharing via online forums, ing)
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

14. Types of Cooperative Learning
Learning Together Model (Johnson and Johnson, 1993):
Feedback is a critical factor in successful learning
4 basic elements:
Positive interdependence
Face-to-face helping interaction
Individual accountability
Teaching interpersonal and small-group skills
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

15. Types of Cooperative Learning
Team-Assisted Individualization (Robert Slavin, 1985):
Teaching groups
Team formation
Self-instructional materials
Team study
Team scores and team recognition
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

16. Discovery Learning Method
Discovery learning takes place in problem solving situations where the learner draws on his or her own past experience and existing knowledge to discover facts and relationships and new truths to be learned. Models that are based upon discovery learning model include: guided discovery, problem-based learning, simulation-based learning, case-based learning, incidental learning and etc. Discovery learning is inquiry-based and was created by Bruner, J.S. (1967)
Approach:
Constructivist
Example of activity:
- thesis project
- academic project
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

17. Problem Solving Method
Problem solving is a mental process and is part of the larger problem
process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.
Problem-Based Learning is a way to improve motivation, thinking, and learning. There are several problem solving techniques including;
introspection, behaviorism, simulation and computer modeling, and
experiment.
(Source: Wikipedia)
Approach:
Cognitivist
Example of activity:
data collection & analysis
(for solving a problem)
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

18. Instructional Games Method
Instructional games are learning activities that encourage students to perform or master targeted concepts/skills/strategies in a particular learning task. Examples of instructional games include checkers, cards, dice, spinners and game boards (including games using computer). Instructional games can be implemented in individualized learning situations, small group learning situations and whole class learning situations. Keyword: learning is fun
Approach:
Behaviourist
Example of activity:
- computer-based simulation/game
- online experiment
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

19. Goals should have a probability of achievement of at least 50%
Games:
Defined as an activity in which participants follow prescribed rules that differ from those of real life to achieve goals
Goals should have a probability of achievement of at least 50%
Games that based on realistic context are called simulation games
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

20. Advantageous of games:
Common features of behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism and social psychology
Provide opportunity to practise content, vocabulary and problem-solving skills
Students receive feedback based on the consequences of their actions, answers and decisions
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

21. - create a program to perform certain task
Simulation Method
Simulation method is:
The act of imitating the behaviour of some situation or some
process by means of something suitably analogous
An ICT technique of representing the real world by a
computer program
Model: representation of something (sometimes on a smaller
scale)
Approach:
Behaviourist
Example of activity:
- build a model
- create a program to perform certain task
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

22. It provides realistic practice with feedback in a realistic context
Simulations:
A simulation is an abstraction or simplification of some real-life situation or process
It provides realistic practice with feedback in a realistic context
It also includes social interaction
The device employed to represent a physical system in a scaled-down form is called a simulator
Ex: role play, flight simulators (no social interactions), team simulations
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

23. Advantageous of simulations: Realistic
Implements problem-based learning method
Solutions may be applied to real life
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

24. It is an open-ended interaction among people
Role plays:
It is an open-ended interaction among people
Motivated and effective method of developing social skills
Simulation games:
Combines attributes of a simulation (role-playing, a model of reality) with the attributes of a game (goal, specific rules)
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

25. - find/brainstorm solutions to a problem
Discussion Method
Discussion method is used usually in brainstorming of ideas or small scale problem solving. According to Rawlinson (2004), large group is not encouraged but if it needs to be done it should not be more than 12 members. Small group discussion is more favourable or the buzz group method where discussion starts off with pairs and later merged into larger groups for further discussion (comparison of ideas)
Approach:
Constructivist
Example of activity:
- discuss a concept
- find/brainstorm solutions to a problem
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

26. Drill and Practice Method
Drill and Practice method is one of the most effective instructional
techniques in learning. It helps to improve the learner’s skills and
readiness levels, adjusting both practice repetitions and new content
introduction in the process. For example, the corrective feedback
paradigm sets an effective pattern for the rehearsal of failed problems
(Source: Allen, M.W. (2006))
Approach:
Behaviourist
Example of activity:
- exercises on related concepts
- repetition of lab experiment
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

27. - conduct tutorial discussion session
Tutorial Method
The tutorial method is a sequential small group discussion that derives from the main lecture group. Students are encouraged to participate in tutorial discussion on lecture topics to motivate and reinforce understanding of concepts that are being lectured. It is more or less similar to questioning (by students) and answering (by course lecturer/tutors) sessions.
Approach:
Constructivist
Example of activity:
- conduct tutorial discussion session
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

28. - demo use of equipment during field work
Demonstration Method
The demonstration method is an instructional method in which an instructor shows and explains to enrich and increase the learner's understanding. The effective demonstration involves telling, showing, questioning, and application. When skill development is the desired outcome, practice must be included as a major component of the method. This method is also known as “imitation learning” or “teaching by showing”. It is quite similar to simulation but usually done by human or can be done with the help of models
(robots) or recorded videos.
Approach:
Behaviourist
Example of activity:
- demo lab experiment
- demo use of equipment during field work
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan

29. Example of activity: - conduct a lecture Presentation Method Approach:
Presentation method is:
 The act of presenting, or something presented
 A lecture or speech given in front of an audience
(Source: Wikipedia)
Presentation using computer slides is known as electronic presentation and it is usually a 1-way traffic and some minimal interactions with the audience are usually allowed after the presentation
Approach:
Behaviourist
Example of activity:
- conduct a lecture
TG20503, Dr. C.K.Tan