1. Social Psychology
Jbk_photography/Dreamstime.com

2. Social Thinking and Social Influence
Module 18
Social Thinking and Social Influence

3. Module Overview Social Thinking Social Influence
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

4. Social Psychology
The scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
MICHAEL NEWMAN/PHOTOEDIT

5. Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Thinking: Attributing Behavior to Personal Disposition or the Situation
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

6. Attribution Theory
The theory that we tend to explain the behavior of others as an aspect of either an internal disposition (an inner trait) or the situation.

7. Situational Disposition
Attributing someone’s actions to the various factors in the situation
© EXACTOSTOCK/SUPERSTOCK

8. Dispositional Attribution
Attributing someone’s actions to the person’s disposition, i.e. their thoughts, feelings, personality characteristics, etc.
© EXACTOSTOCK/SUPERSTOCK

9. Situational Attribution

10. Situational Attribution

11. Situational Attribution

12. Dispositional Attribution

13. Dispositional Attribution

14. Dispositional Attribution

15. Attribution

16. Fundamental Attribution Error
The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal disposition rather than to situations.
People tend to blame or credit the person more than the situation

17. Self-Serving Bias A readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
Because we want to see ourselves as good, we view others as being “bad” to justify our reaction

18. Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

19. Social Thinking: Attitudes and Actions
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

20. Attitude
The belief and feeling that predisposes someone to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

21. Attitudes Affecting Actions
Many studies suggest a person’s attitudes do not match their actions
Attitudes can predict behavior if:
Outside influences are minimal
People are aware of their attitudes
Attitude is relevant to behavior
No peer pressure
Your memory of your attitudes is clear
Attitude is about the behavior = exercise is important to good health but you don’t like exercise so you avoid it even though you know it is good for you

22. Attitudes Affecting Actions

23. Actions Affecting Attitudes
Under some circumstances one’s actions can influence attitudes. They include:
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
Role playing
Cognitive dissonance

24. Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon
The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request then to comply later with a larger request.
MICHEL TOURAINE/PIXLAND/CORBIS

25. Role
A set of expectations in a social setting that define how one ought to behave.

26. Role Playing Playing a role can influence or change one’s attitude
Zimbardo’s Prison Study
College students played the role of guard or prisoner in a simulated prison.
The study was ended when the guards became too aggressive and cruel.

27. Zimbardo’s Prison Study
College students played the role of guard or prisoner in a simulated prison.
The study was ended when the guards became too aggressive and cruel.
PHILIP G. ZIMBARDO, PHD., STANDFORD UNIVERSITY

28. Cognitive Dissonance Theory
The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
When our attitudes are inconsistent with our actions, we change our attitudes to reduce the dissonance.

29. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

30. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

31. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

32. Cognitive Dissonance Theory

33. Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

34. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

35. Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

36. Solomon Asch ( )
Social psychologist who researched the circumstances under which people conform.

37. Asch’s Conformity Study

38. Factors Increasing Conformity
The person feels incompetent or insecure.
The group has three or more people.
The rest of the group is unanimous.
The person is impressed by the status of the group.
No prior commitments were made.
The group is observing the person respond.
One’s culture encourages conformity.

39. Stanley Milgram ( )
Social psychologist who researched obedience to authority.

40. Obedience
The tendency to comply with orders, implied or real, from someone perceived as an authority.

41. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority
© 1965 BY STANLEY MILGRAM, FROM
THE FILM OBEDIANCE, DISTRIBUTED
BY PENIN STATE MEDIA SALES
© 1965 BY STANLEY MILGRAM, FROM
THE FILM OBEDIANCE, DISTRIBUTED
BY PENIN STATE MEDIA SALES

42. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority (Data from Milgram, 1974)

43. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority

44. Social Influence: Group Influence
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

45. Social Facilitation
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others.
Occurs with simple or well learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet learned

46. Social Facilitation

47. Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
People may be less accountable in a group, or they may think their efforts aren’t needed.

48. Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
People lose their sense of responsibility when in a group.

49. Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence: Group Influence – Our Behavior in the Presence of Others
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

50. Social Influence: Group Influence – Group Interaction Effects
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

51. Group Polarization
Enhancement of a group’s already existing attitudes through discussion within the group.

52. Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives.

53. Social Influence: Our Power as Individuals
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

54. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
When we believe something to be true about others (or ourselves) and we act in ways that cause this belief to come true.

55. Minority Influence Minority groups can influence the majority
Minority groups must be firm in their conviction
BETTMANN/CORPS
Rosa Parks

56. The End

57. Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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Animation
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Adding slides to this presentation
Teachers are encouraged to adapt this presentation to their personal teaching style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.

58. Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in Red
Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards.
Scientific Inquiry Domain
Biopsychology Domain
Development and Learning Domain
Social Context Domain
Cognition Domain
Individual Variation Domain
Applications of Psychological Science Domain
Key Terms and Definitions in Red
To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

59. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

60. Name of Concept
Use this slide to add a concept to the presentation

61. Module 19: Social Relations
Prejudice
Module 19: Social Relations

62. Prejudice
An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members.
Usually involves a negative attitude
Usually involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

63. Stereotype
A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

64. Discrimination
In social relations, taking action against a group of people because of stereotyped beliefs and feelings of prejudice.

65. Prejudice: Ingroup-Outgroup: We and They
Module 19: Social Relations

66. Ingroup “Us”
People with whom we share a common identity.

67. Outgroup “Them”
Those perceived as different or apart from “us” (the ingroup).

68. Ingroup Bias Tendency to favor one’s own group.
Usually at the expense of the outgroup

69. Scapegoat Theory
The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

70. Prejudice: Thought Processes and Prejudice
Module 19: Social Relations

71. Categorization The tendency to group similar objects
May be a means to explain stereotypes

72. Other-Race Effect
The tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races.

73. Just-World Phenomenon
The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.
Reflects child’s attitude that good is rewarded and evil is punished

74. Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender
Ethnocentrism
Module 21: The Psychology of Culture and Gender

75. Ethnocentrism
The tendency to view the world through your own cultural filters.
Not necessarily bad or good

76. Goals of Flexible Ethnocentrism
Accepting that everyone is ethnocentric
Realizing that culture filters can distort reality
Realizing people of other cultures produce their own distortions of reality
Learning to deal with our emotions, and our judgments of morality and personality as a result of ethnocentrism

77. Module 19: Social Relations
Aggression
Module 19: Social Relations

78. Aggression
Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.

79. Aggression: The Biology of Aggression
Module 19: Social Relations

80. Genetic and Neural Influences
Some have a genetic predisposition toward aggression.
Nervous system, including amygdala in the brain, can stimulate or inhibit aggression
RADIUS IMAGES/ALAMY

81. Biochemistry
Correlation of higher testosterone levels with aggressive behaviors
Alcohol and other drugs can increase aggressive behavior.

82. Aggression: Learned Aggression
Module 19: Social Relations

83. Learned Aggression
Aggression learned through observation of others being aggressive
TV and the media encourages aggression
CINDY CHARLES/PHOTO EDIT

84. Module 19: Social Relations
Cooperation
Module 19: Social Relations

85. Superordinate goals
Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
AP PHOTO/L.F. PATTERSON

86. Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

87. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

88. Conformity
Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

89. Solomon Asch ( )
Social psychologist who researched the circumstances under which people conform.

90. Asch’s Conformity Study

91. Factors Increasing Conformity
The person feels incompetent or insecure.
The group has three or more people.
The rest of the group is unanimous.
The person is impressed by the status of the group.
No prior commitments were made.
The group is observing the person respond.
One’s culture encourages conformity.

92. Stanley Milgram ( )
Social psychologist who researched obedience to authority.

93. Obedience
The tendency to comply with orders, implied or real, from someone perceived as an authority.

94. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority
© 1965 BY STANLEY MILGRAM, FROM
THE FILM OBEDIANCE, DISTRIBUTED
BY PENIN STATE MEDIA SALES
© 1965 BY STANLEY MILGRAM, FROM
THE FILM OBEDIANCE, DISTRIBUTED
BY PENIN STATE MEDIA SALES

95. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority (Data from Milgram, 1974)

96. Milgram’s Obedience to Authority

97. Social Influence: Group Influence
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

98. Social Facilitation
Improved performance of tasks in the presence of others.
Occurs with simple or well learned tasks but not with tasks that are difficult or not yet learned

99. Social Facilitation

100. Social Loafing
The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.
People may be less accountable in a group, or they may think their efforts aren’t needed.

101. Deindividuation
The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.
People lose their sense of responsibility when in a group.

102. Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence
Social Influence: Group Influence – Our Behavior in the Presence of Others
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

103. Social Influence: Group Influence – Group Interaction Effects
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

104. Group Polarization
Enhancement of a group’s already existing attitudes through discussion within the group.

105. Groupthink
The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision- making group overrides a realistic appraisal of the alternatives.

106. Social Influence: Our Power as Individuals
Module 18: Social Thinking and Social Influence

107. Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
When we believe something to be true about others (or ourselves) and we act in ways that cause this belief to come true.

108. Minority Influence Minority groups can influence the majority
Minority groups must be firm in their conviction
BETTMANN/CORPS
Rosa Parks

109. The End