1. How we analysis meaning30 1
How we analysis meaning
유란희
유원영

2. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
CONTENTS 2
Ⅰ Intro ⅱ Semantic fields ⅲ Collocations ⅳ Sense relations ⅴ Conclusion

3. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
INTRO 3
▶ Language is seen as a network of systematic relationships between units of meaning.
> Term word to discuss semantic units, and this is the traditional use.
> However, if we wish to enquire precisely into semantic matters, we must find an alternative.

4. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
INTRO 4
> There are three main reason ① Word is used in ways that obscure the study of meaning. Ex) walk, walks, walking, walked ->? ② Word is useless for the study of idioms. Ex) kick the bucket ③ Word has in any case been appropriated for use elsewhere in linguistic study.

5. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
INTRO 5
▶ Therefore, we use basic units of semantic analysis, lexeme.
▷ Lexeme and word are different.
In Shakespeare, we count around 30,000 different word.
But we count less than 20,000 different lexemes.

6. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Semantic Fields 6
▶ To organize lexemes into fields of meaning
▶ The lexeme interrelate, defining each other in specific ways.
> parts of the body, vehicles, fruits
> form a semantic field

7. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Semantic Fields 7
▶ But there is a great deal of fuzziness as we move from one part of the language to another.
ex) noise, ornaments
▶ There have been many philosophical and linguist attempts to organize the concepts or words in a language – notably in Thesaurus
> the famous Thesaurus of
Peter Mark Roget (1852)
> divided into six main area

8. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Semantic Fields 8
▶ Thesauruses have…..
> prove to be a useful adjunct to many practical linguistic activities
> however, contain no information about the way the lexemes relate to each other
▶ There is no semantic reality in alphabetical order
ex) aunt and uncle / big and little
▶ We need to develop an alternative conception based on our intuition that small groups of lexemes are related in sense.

9. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Semantic Fields 9
▶ Modern accounts of semantic structure recognize two main kinds of relationship between lexemes.
Collocations
Sense Relation

10. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Collocations 10
▶ The way lexemes occur in sequences
▶ Collocation is the tendency of lexemes to work together predictable ways
ex)
totally predictable: spick & span
more predictable: blond & hair/ flock & sheep/ neigh & horse
less predictable: letter & alphabet, spelling, box, post, write
no predictable: have/ get

11. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Collocations 11
▶ Collocation differ between languages
ⓐ English/Modern Hebrew
> we ‘face’ problems and ‘interpret’ dreams
> we have to ‘stand in front of’ problems and ‘solve’ dreams
ⓑ English/Japanese
>drink / 飲む – water, soup, tablets and smoking

12. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Collocations 12
▶ Collocation ≠ association of ideas
ex) green with jealousy, white coffee
buxom& lads and lasses > only with the latter
▶ Collocation ≠ idiosyncratic links between ideas that we express in words
ex) psychiatrist ‘free associate’
▶ Collocation are links between lexemes made by all who speak a language

13. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Sense Relation 13
▶ The way lexemes can substitute for each other in a sentence
ex) new radio ? old radio ?
▶ Sense relation is a change of meaning that we recognize as an opposite
>> Several types of substitution have been recognized

14. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Sense Relation 14
⑴ Synonymy
= the relationship of sameness or similarity of meaning
ex) car & automobile
cf) range & selection ( a – of/ etc)
⑵ Hyponymy
= the notion of inclusion
ex) rose ⊂ flower
cf) demiourgos ( carpenter, doctor, flautist)

15. Sense Relation 15 ⑶ Antonymy
HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Sense Relation 15
⑶ Antonymy
= the relationship of oppositeness of meaning
⑷ Incompatibilty
= sets of lexemes that are mutually exclusive members of the same superordinate category
ex) red, blue, green in colour
cf) black-white films
Gradable
Expression of degree
big/small
Nongradable
No expression of degree
single/married
Converse
Two way contrasts that are interdependent
buy/sell

16. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
Conclusion 16
There are not the only sense relationships in language
Wheel / Car
Day / Week
√ It is plain that the lexemes of a language are interrelated in many intricate ways

17. HOW WE ANALYSYS MEANING
F & Q 17
Thank you