1. Reformation
Dr. Andy Mansfield

2. A Time of Fear Political: (eg. ‘Great Schism’ (1378 – 1417))
The Ottoman Empire: aggression & slavery
State Disunity
World not in decay
Expanding Knowledge
Humanism & Erasmus
Empty Fifth Lateran Council (1512 – 17)

3. St. Augustine of Hippo (354 - 430)
Original Sin: The Fall
St. Paul: Human worthlessness
Christ’s sacrifice for Elect (Grace)
Predestination – God’s arbitrary salvation & unchangeable will
C12/ C13 - Nominalists

4. Origen & Erasmus All saved at the Last Judgement (incl. Devil)
Platonic Soul: corrupt flesh, uncorrupted spirit
Erasmus followed Greek speaking Origen
Origen (c. 184 – c. 253)

5. Luther’s Developing Theology
Augustinian Influence:
The Psalms – focus on Christ and Scripture
Romans 1:17 – trapped by sin & the Elect
Righteousness – Christ’s sacrifice allows salvation
Gift of Faith (grace) = God’s mercy & anger

6. Church Corruption Sacrosanctis (1515) Indulgences:
Wrong doing - restitution
Christ’s sacrifice & Fall
Virgin & Saints in Heaven = ‘treasury of merit’ (Pope)
Unigenitus (1343)
Pope Leo X ( )

7. Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses (1517)
31 October Nature of Repentance
Christians should follow their head “through penalties, deaths, hells”.
(2) Followers should be “more confident of entering heaven through tribulations rather than a false assurance of peace [indulgences]”.

8. (1) Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation
- Pope not God’s representative: ‘Antichrist’
- Clergy self-interested and separate from laity.
(2) The Babylonian Captivity of the Church
Mass not a sacrifice
- Clergy not special
(3) The Freedom of a Christian
Predestination: good works are natural to saved

9. Diet of Worms (1521) Luther Convicted Attracts followers
The Emperor’s Wars
Success of Lutheranism
Charles V ( )

10. Huldrych Zwingli ( )
Admirer of Erasmus – Christianity improves society
Spirit & God
Zwingli’s Sausage
Zurich: Massacred (1531)

11. German Peasants’ Revolts
Divergent Reform
: Popular Revolt & Peasants’ War
(Thomas Müntzer)
‘Two Kingdoms Theory’ – temporal & spiritual realms
Diet of Augsburg (1530) – Philip Melanchthon

12. Reformation in England
Hatred of Luther
King’s Divorce – upset Pope
Act of Supremacy (1534)
Tyndale’s Bible & Continent

13. Jean Calvin (1509 - 64) The Institutes (1536):
True wisdom is knowledge of God or of ourselves
Inner examination reveals human shame – need God’s grace
Politics: ‘true Catholics’
Structured Church
Protestant Divisions: Calvin & Bucer

15. Counter-Reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563)
Reform of the Catholic Church (Sacraments, Abuses, Training & Orders/ Jesuits)
Phillip II of Spain
Index of Forbidden Books (1563)
End of C16: 1/3 returned to Church of Rome

16. Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Politics & Religion
More dead than WW1 as a percentage of population
Westphalia Peace: politics (nations) over religion