1. Reproductive Systems

2. Reproduction Function: 2 Types:
Reproduction is the process through which living things produce new individuals of the same kind.
Function:
essential for the continuation and survival of a species.
2 Types:
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction

3. Asexual Reproduction Reproduction that required ONLY 1 parent.
Produces offspring are 100% identical to the parent.
(4 chromosomes)
(4 chromosomes
each)

4. Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fragmentation: A new organism
can grow and develop from a fragment
of the parent organism.
Ex. Sea Star
Budding: A daughter cell grows off of
the parent organism and eventually
falls off.
Ex. Hydra
Binary Fission: The parent organism
is replaced by two daughter organisms.
Ex. Bacteria

5. Pros & Cons Pros (Advantages) Cons (Disadvantages)
Faster reproductive rates.
Less complicated.
Less energy required.
Doesn’t require a second parent.
Cons (Disadvantages)
Decreases variation
Higher rates of extinction due to environmental changes.

6. Sexual Reproduction Reproduction that requires 2 parents.
Produces offspring that are a 50/50 combination of both parents.
(22 chromosomes)
(22 chromosomes)
(44 chromosomes)

7. Pros & Cons Pros (Advantages) Cons (Disadvantages) Genetic variation
Reduced rates of extinction.
Cons (Disadvantages)
Requires time and energy to search for a partner.
Slower reproductive rates.
Greater risk of mutations

8. Gametes
In sexual reproduction, each parent provides a different sex cell, gamete.
Male sex cell = sperm or pollen
Female sex cell = egg or seeds
Contains half the chromosome number of the whole organism.
Human = 46 chromosomes
Sex cells = 23 chromosomes each

9. Male Gametes Pollen: flowering plants Sperm: mammals
Contained on the anther of the stamen.
Transported by wind, water, or organism.
Sperm: mammals
Produced in the testes due to the hormone testosterone.
Transported in a liquid medium, semen.

10. Male Reproductive System
Urinary Bladder
Vas deferens
Glands
Urethra
Testes

11. Male Reproductive System
Testes – produce sperm.
Enclosed in an external sac = scrotum
temperature regulator that ensures healthy production of sperm :
Too hot – lowers testes away from the body
Too cool – raises testes closer to the body
Urinary Bladder
Vas
deferens
Glands
Urethra
Testes

12. Male Reproductive System
Vas deferens – tube that connects the testes to the urethra.
glands release fluids, that provide nutrients and the liquid medium needed by the sperm to move through the female’s system – semen.
Urinary Bladder
Vas
deferens
Glands
Urethra
Testes

13. Male Reproductive System
Urethra - Semen, sperm and fluids, move down the urethra and out of the man’s body through the penis.
Penis is the male sex organ.
What other body system is the urethra used in?
Urinary Bladder
Vas
deferens
Urethra
Glands
Testes
Urinary System

14. Male Sterilization Castration - animals Vasectomy - humans Permanent
Testes are completely removed.
Vasectomy - humans
Vas Deferens is tied off or cut.
Sperm can not travel past the separation.

15. Female Gametes Egg Cell: mammals
Produced in the ovaries due to the hormone estrogen.
Seeds: flowering plants
Contained in the ovary of the pistil.
Seeds

16. Female Reproductive System
Oviduct
Uterus
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Uterine
Lining

17. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries – produce egg cells, ova.
A mature egg is released from an ovary - Ovulation.
Opposite sides each month.
At birth a female has her lifetime supply of eggs in her ovaries.
Oviduct
Uterus
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Uterine
Lining

18. Female Reproductive System
Oviduct – tube that connects the ovary to the uterus.
Cilia sweep the egg down the oviduct toward the uterus.
Fertilization takes place here!
An egg can only be fertilized for 24 hrs after ovulation and then begins to break down.
Oviduct
Uterus
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Uterine
Lining

19. The Oviducts
Oviduct abnormalities account for 25% to 50% of female infertility. Blocked tubes can alter the functioning of the oviducts making it so fertilization cannot take place, infertility.
Healthy
Blocked

20. Fertilization – Yes or No?
Figure 1 NO
Egg is in the oviduct.
No sperm present to fertilize the egg.
No fertilization!
Future Pregnancies?
Yes, if sperm and egg are both present.

21. Fertilization – Yes or No?
Figure 2
Yes
Egg is in the oviduct.
Sperm are present in the uterus.
Fertilization can take place.

22. Fertilization – Yes or No?
Figure 3 NO
Egg is in the ovary.
Sperm are present in the uterus.
Sperm cannot fertilize the egg until it is released into the oviduct.
Future Pregnancies?
Yes, if sperm and egg are both in the right location.

23. Fertilization – Yes or No?
Figure 4 NO
Egg is in the ovary.
Sperm are present in the uterus.
Both oviducts are blocked, sperm will never be able to fertilize the egg.
Future Pregnancies?
NEVER!

24. Female Reproductive System
Uterus - womb
Pear-shaped
Muscular walls
Nutrient-rich lining
If the egg was not fertilized the nutrient-rich lining begins to break down and leaves the body - menstruation.
Oviduct
Uterus
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Uterine
Lining

25. Female Reproductive System
Cervix - Small muscular opening that separates the uterus from the vagina.
Vagina – The birth canal.
Oviduct
Uterus
Ovary
Cervix
Vagina
Vagina
Uterine
Lining

26. Female Birth Control Methods
Females have many more birth control options available then males:
Permanent
Tubal Ligation – cutting of the oviducts
Hysterectomy – removal of the uterus
Tubal Ligation
Hysterectomy

27. Female Birth Control Methods
Temporary
3. Birth Control Pill –
4. Intrauterine Device (IUD) –
(There are many more methods but these are some of the most common!)