1. R. & J. Ottens
Detail from:
Nieuwe Algemeene Kaart van
Groenland en Straet Davids naar
de alle nieuwste ondekkingen
int Licht gebracht
Amsterdam

2. J. Van Keulen II
Detail from:
Nieuwe wassende
Zee Caart van de
Noord Oceaen …
Amsterdam

3. W. J. Blaeu
Detail from:
Pascaarte van alle de
zè-custen van Europa
Amsterdam

4. Laurie & Whittle
Detail from:
A New and Correct Chart
from the 63º of Lat. N.
to the Cape of Good Hope
and from the 71º Long. W.
to the 36º E of London
Exhibiting the Whole of the
Atlantic or Western Ocean,
and the Greatest Part of the
Ethiopic or Southern Ocean;
wherein the Respective
Coasts of Europe, Africa,
and of America North and
South, with all the Islands
and Dangers in the Two
Seas are carefully described.
The African Pilot
London – (1794) 1804

5. From: D.W. Waters, The Art of Navigation
In England in Elizabethan and Early
Stuart Times

6. Detail from: D.W. Waters, The Art of
Navigation In England in Elizabethan
and Early Stuart Times

7. Detail from J. van Keulen II - Nieuwe wassende
Zee Caart van de Noord Oceaen …
(Kimmen Line highlighted)
Amsterdam
North Sea Bathymetry
Depths in meters (200 meters  100 fathoms)

9. Title page from:
Waghenaer – The Mariners Mirrour
(pirated English translation of
Spieghel der Zeevaert)
London

10. Verdun de la Crenne
(Depot de la Marine)
Detail from:
Carte Réduite des
Mers du Nord
Paris

12. Nicholas de Fer
Les Costes aux Environs de la Riviere de Misisipi …
Paris

13. Rigobert Bonne
Detail from: Carte de la Louisiane et de la Floride
Paris

14. Depot de la Marine (engraved by E. Collin) - Paris 1800
Detail from: Carte des Côtes du Golfe du Mexique Compris entre la Pointe Sud de la Presqu’Ile
de la Floride et la Pointe Nord de la Presqu’Ile d’Yucatan

15. Depot de la Marine (engraved by E. Collin) - Paris 1800
Detail from: Carte des Côtes du Golfe du Mexique Compris entre la Pointe Sud de la Presqu’Ile
de la Floride et la Pointe Nord de la Presqu’Ile d’Yucatan