1. Experiments in Political Order: Comparing African Nations and India
AP World History Chapter 23
“Independence and Development in the Global South”

2. Experiments in Political Order
Efforts to create political order across the developing world had to battle many conditions:
Exploding populations
High (and unrealistic) expectations following independence
Lack of available resources to meet these expectations
Diverse populations that had little loyalty to the new central state
Large areas with widespread poverty and weak private economies

3. Experiments in Political Order
Wide range of political systems were established throughout the developing world:
Communist regimes
Multi-party democracies
One-party democracies
Military regimes
Personal dictatorships and tyrannies

4. India’s Political Evolution
In India = Western-style democracy practiced continuously since independence
Regular elections
Peaceful changes in government
Multiple political parties
Civil rights and liberties
A woman voting in the 2008 state election in India

5. India’s Political Evolution: Why Democracy Worked
Struggle for independence in India was much longer than struggles in Africa = gave Indian leaders time to figure out how they wanted to structure the new state
The British gradually gave power over to the Indians = over several decades prior to independence in 1947
Many Indians possessed administrative and technical skills as a result
Nationalist movement in India = within one political party (Congress Party)
Committed to democracy

6. Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why?
Theory #1 = Africans just weren’t ready for democracy or lacked the “ingredients” for democratic politics
Africa’s traditional culture = based on communal rather than individualist values  not compatible with the competitiveness of party politics
Lack of an educated electorate, middle-class, and strong capitalist economy

7. Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why?
Theory #2 = Democracy was not an adequate system for developing a modern economy
Competing political parties (that don’t always agree) = would slow down the process of creating national unity and developing a modern economy
A little cell phone action…

8. Rejection of Democracy in Africa: Why?
The following conditions that existed within many initial democratic governments in Africa undermined popular support for democracy:
Widespread economic disappointment
Class resentments due to increased inequalities and competition for jobs, housing, education, etc.
Ethnic conflicts, which sometimes turned violent
Example: Genocide in Rwanda in 1994

9. Alternatives to Democracy
Most common alternative = government by soldiers
By the early 1980s = the military actively governed about 15 African nations
These militaries:
Took power during times of crisis
Claimed the nation was in danger and that only they could restore order
Got rid of old political parties and constitutions
Vowed to return power to civilians and restore democracy “at some point”
Military Leaders in Mali

10. Revival of Democracy in Africa: 1980s
Failure of authoritarian governments to fix disastrous economic situations became evident
Variety of grassroots movements began that demanded democratic change in order to better their lives:
Disaffected students, religious organizations, urban workers, women’s groups
Encouragement from world events  End of apartheid in South Africa; fall of communism; etc.
Nigerian Voter in 2011

11. Obstacles to Economic Development
Most societies = sharply divided by class, religion, ethnic group, and gender
Explosive population growth
In most places = colonial rule had provided only the most basic foundations for modern development (if anything at all)
Low literacy rates
Few people with managerial experience
Weak private economies
Inefficient transportation systems
Little leverage with the wealthy nations of the Global North

12. The Role of the State
Most people expected that state authorities would take responsibility for developing the economy  Why?
Private economies = weakly developed
Entrepreneurs = didn’t have funds to invest
Successful Soviet industrialization under state direction = hopeful
State control = could protect people against the inequalities that came with capitalism

13. The Role of the State
In the late 20th century, the support for state-directed economies faded and more people began to favor market economies  Why?
Collapse of the Soviet Union = the world’s first state-dominated economy
Evident failure, mismanagement, and corruption of many state-run enterprises
International organizations (like the World Bank) = pushed developing countries in a capitalist direction
The switch to market economies led to rapid economic growth in many nations (ex: China and India), but it also created inequalities and social conflict

14. Issues with Economic Development
“Urban bias” = too much focus on city-based industrial development and neglect or exploitation of rural areas and agriculture
“Male bias” = encouraging men to work in modern industries and women to work in agriculture
Debate over capital and technology-drive projects versus investment in “human capital”
Capital-driven projects = dams, factories, etc.
“Human capital” investment = education, technical training, health care, nutrition, etc.

15. Issues with Economic Development
Benefits versus drawbacks of foreign aid, investment, and trade
Every economic decision (where to locate schools, factories, etc.) was political
Always resulted in winners and losers in terms of power, advantage, and wealth

16. Varied Results of Economic Experiments
Various reasons for such sharp differences in economic results:
Geography and natural resources
Differing colonial experiences
Variations in regional cultures
Degree of political stability and social equality
State economic policies
Population growth rates
Varying forms of involvement with the world economy
Cocoa Farming in Ghana
Durban, South Africa

17. Varied Results of Economic Experiments
Successful Economic Growth
Little to No Economic Growth
East Asian countries  ex: South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong, CHINA!
Most of Africa
India  growing high-tech sector and middle class
Most of the Arab world
Oil-producing countries  especially since the 1970s when demand for oil skyrocketed
Parts of Asia
Several Latin American countries  ex: Chile, Brazil

18. Age-Group Differences

19. Less Developed Regions

20. Global Water Stress

21. Share of World’s GDP

22. Health Statistics

23. Bits Per Capita: An Information Revolution?

24. South Africa: Eco-tourism
Small tourist businesses operating out of the townships attracting customers from around the world by using the Internet.

25. Mozambique stops poaching with radios

26. Healthcare in Uganda
A health care worker conducting a survey using a PDA. (SATELLIFE Photo: Mark Grabowsky)

29. COT :Decolonization 1900-present
Changes
Continuities
New countries and constitutions would throw off the yoke of European imperial oppression (with help of U.N, Cold War foes, negotiates, violent, non-violent)
World Bank, IMF, Marshall Plan, C.O.M.E.A would finance newly formed nation-states.
Push towards capitalism and global economy
“Third” world to developing states
“Asian” Tigers (Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan,South Korea)
Increased nationalism (Pan African, Negritude, Zionism, national identity through flags, anthems, national language)
Development of economic infrastructure and industrialization (eco-tourism, commodities like oil,chocolate, consumer products like textiles and electronics).
Genocide(Rwanda,Bosnia,Cambodia)
Increases in healthcare and technology
Increased globalization blends native and foreign ideas
Increase in population
Heavy stress on environment (water shortages,desertification,deforestation, mining, industrialization)
O.P.E.C empowers former colonies
Political action cooperatives (A.S.E.A.N, European Union, O.A.S, Pacific Rim Nations, etc)
European cultures left behind(language,infrastructure, government, religion?)
Ethnic/religious rivalries: conflict
Urban/gender myths
Economic disparities (technology, digital divide, GDP, healthcare)
Racism
Traditional belief systems
Monoculture
European white settlers
Struggles with debt(extreme)
Military conflicts and leaders( dictators, one-party systems)
Resources
First world exploitation (neocolonialism)
Women subordination
Parasitic cities
Rural south and urban north
Nationalism

30. COT Theses
From 1947-the present Africa (with the help of the United Nations) underwent a period of decolonization leading to the independence of nations like Ghana,Kenya,Mali and Chad all negotiated and established constitutions, however one-party states and totalitarian regimes would struggle to maintain stability and incomplete independence and racial disparities would continue to last in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
In South Asia 1947 – present India and Pakistan would negotiate their independence through the use of civil disobedience and peaceful protest, India would choose a socialists and non-aligned economy to refrain from cold war pressures, however, religious divisions would create conflict and wars over Kashmir on at least 3 separate occasions
From 1947-Present, the Middle East would continue to have religious tensions between Jews and Muslims in Israel and Sunni and Shiite in Iraq, resources and infrastructure like oil and the Suez canal would lead to neocolonialist policies and the delivery of U.S and European gunboat diplomacy, however, countries like Israel would develop strong economies and innovative technologies.
In East Asia from 1947-present Japan’s unconditional surrender due to the atomic bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima would see it demilitarize and abolish Shintoism as the state religion, however Korea would continue to be at war based on cold war policies and Chinese Communism would remain as the one-party system in China
In Southeast Asia 1947-present Vietnam would eventually achieve their independence from France (1954 Dien bien Phu) and after a Proxy war between the Soviets and Americans, Indonesia would gain its independence from the Dutch under dictator Sukarno , however, traditional ideologies of Islam would continue to guide much of Southeast Asia’s view of the world.

31. More!?!
In Eastern Europe 1947-present, the fall of the Berlin wall and the development of 15 new constitutions/nation-states would see an end if the cold war, many newly established states would eventually join the European Union (Croatia,Lithua, Latvia, Estonia) , however, the sphere of Russia would continue in areas like the Ukraine, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
In the Middle East the rise of nationalism would see the development of Pan Arab nations like Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Jordan gained independence after World War II with little difficulty, the increase of economic cooperation with O.P.E.C member nations would see an increase in wealth from oil, however, Western Backed dictators like Mubarak in Egypt and the Saudi family in Saudi Arabia would see a continued “Western” interference in Middle Eastern affairs.
In Africa 1947-present many new independent nations will develop as a result of the United Nations declaration of the end of colonialism, an increase in influence of African women leaders would begin start to female subjugation, however, ethnic and cultural strife would lead to many civil wars in regions like the Congo and Rwanda (including genocide).
In Central Asia from 1947-present, the fall of the Soviet Union would see new countries developed like Kazhikstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Islam would no longer be prohibited by Communist interference, however, traditional politics and culture have prevented economic advancement towards a more globalized economy.
In Latin America 1947-present colonialism would continue in Caribbean island nations for resources and tourism, wars would continue over territorial boundaries (Falkland Islands between England and Argentina), however, ever increasing nationalism and a movement against imperialism would see a resurgence of socialism and Marxism in Ecuador,Bolivia,Columbia and Peru.