1. Politics of Turkey Middle East

2. History Ottoman Empire emerged 13th C
Peaked 15th 17th C, Suleiman the Magnificent
Siege of Vienna 1683, Great Turkish War 1699
Ottoman Decline
Turkish War of Independence (1919–1922)
Kemal Ataturk the establishment the
modern Republic of Turkey in 1923
Treaty of Lausanne 24 July 1923
Turkish Republic 29 October 1923

3. WWII February 1945
1952 NATO Member
1960, 1971, 1980 Military Coupe
1974 Invasion of Cyprus
1984 PKK insurgency campaign
2013 Protests, Gezi Park
2016 Attempted Military coupe

4. People 76,667,864 (18th) 70–75% Turks, 18% Kurds, 7–12% others
26% under the age of 14
99% Muslim, Sunni Majority
10-15 Million Alevis
85% Turkish speaking, 12% Kurdish
1 Million Syrian Refugees

5. Government Unitary Parliamentary Constitutional Republic
Universal suffrage since 1933
President elected for 5 yr terms, extensive reserve powers.
Prime Minister elected by parliament
Grand National Assembly 550 seats elected to 4 yr terms
Kemalism, Islamism

6. Kurds 10 – 25% of the population PKK 1984 – 2013 National Autonomy
Maoist – Leninist doctrine

7. Foreign Relations Founding Member of the UN 1945
1963 EEC, 1995 EU Customs Unions, 2005 negotiations for full membership
2nd Largest standing army in NATO: 495,000
Cold War, Cuban Missile Crisis
Greece and the Aegean

8. Regional Power Looking East rather than West War in Syria/ Iraq
Fearful of Kurdish independence in Rojava
Anti Assad, complicating relations with Russia
Directly challenging ISIS

9. The Maghreb

10. Libya Population 6,244,174 (108th) GDP $70.386 billion (80th)
Per capita $11,497 (82nd)
1977 onward, per capita income in the country rose to more than US $11,000
1947 Independence from Italy
1951 Released from UK French Mandate
1969 Muammar Gaddafi seized power
2011 Civil War, NATO intervention
2014 General Elections

11. Gaddafi
1 September 1969, military officers led by 27-year-old army officer Muammar Gaddafi staged a coup d'état against King Idris
2 March 1977, Libya officially became the "Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya".
Gaddafi officially passed power to General People's Committees, claiming to a symbolic figurehead
Formally a democracy though the government refused to publish results
The Green Book From 1977
1986 assassination attempt by US
A gathering of more than 200 African kings and traditional rulers, meeting August 2008, conferred on Colonel Gaddafi the title "King of Kings of Africa".

12. Foreign Relations Chadian–Libyan conflict 1977
Libya started delivering military supplies to militias in Chad, then invaded
Libya and Egypt fought a four-day border war
sponsored paramilitary and terrorist groups around the world
1986 Airstrike
1988 Lockerbie Return to the international community following admission of guilt for Lockerbie and compensation paid.

13. Revolution 17 February 2011, National Transnational Council
NATO intervention, No Fly Zones
October 2011 loyalist forces defeated
Gaddafi Killed 2011, Battle of Sirte
July 2012, first parliament elected  

14. Algeria

15. French Rule
Mass protests against French rule May 1945, met with harsh response. 15,000 deaths
1947 Organic Statute of Algeria, ‘meritous’
1954 – 62 War of Independence
Evian Accords, 1 million French Algerians leave
the exodus deprived the country of most of its managers, civil servants, engineers, teachers, physicians, and skilled workers.
Several 100’s of thousands made homeless
70 %t of the work force was unemployed

16. Islamists Parties and Government Challenges
1989 New Constitution
Islamic Salvation Front won elections with 50% of the vote in 1990
Military intervention followed, crack down on ISF, subsequent elections postponed.
Low intensity civil conflict with the state continues
Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat
2006 al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)
1996 a referendum introduced changes to the constitution, enhancing presidential powers and banning Islamist parties
Civil Concord was approved in a nationwide referendum 2000 offered amnesty for anti government rebels, 80% decrees in insurgent activity
In September 2005, another referendum

17. Tunisia

18. Revolution
high unemployment, food inflation, corruption, poor living conditions, freedom of speech
Mohamed Bouazizi, a 26-year street vendor, who set himself afire in protest at the confiscation of his goods and humiliation by a municipal official.
violence erupted following Bouazizi's death
 President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to step down on 14 January 2011, after 23 years in power.

19. Pakistan, Afghanistan

20. People Pakistan Sunni: 75-85% Shia: 10-25% Punjabis 42% Pashtuns 17.%
Sindhis 14%
Seraikis 10%
Muhajirs 7%
Balochs is 3%million
Others (%

21. People Afghanistan Population 31 million Languages: Dari (50%) Pashtu,
Uzbek, Turkmen
80% Sunni, 20% Shia
Pashtun 40%
Tajik 33%
Hazara 11%
Uzbek 9%
Aimak %
Turkmen %
Baloch %

22. Foreign Relations
Close military and economic relations with Saudi Arabia, Iran, US
Since the Partition of British India, conflicts have erupted in 1947, 1965, 1999
1971 Bangladesh Liberation War (East Pakistan)
Kashmir conflict

23. Nuclear Weapons Nuclear capable 1988 120 – 200 available warheads
A. Q. Khan network
Gas ultra-centrifuges
Centrifuge technologies exchanged for missile technologies with N. Korea, as well as deals with Iran and Libya

24. Saudi Pakistan Special Relationship
Pakistan provides, arms and training for the Saudi military
Pakistan Air Force involved in Yemen in s and 1980s, 15,000 Pakistani soldiers in Saudi
Purchase of Pakistani ballistic missiles
Saudi funded Pakistan's bomb programme
Extensive religious and educational aide to Pak
1 Million Pakistani immigrants in Saudi
Trade agreements

25. Eastern Theatre of the Middle East Cold War
Both Iran and Saudi have influence in Afghanistan
Saudi does so through relations with Pakistan
Iran seeks allies among the Persian speaking Shi’ite Hazras

26. (1978) Saur Revolution, anti communist insurrection
(1979–89) Soviet–Afghan War
(1989–92) Afghan Civil War– collapse of Communist Najibullah government
(1992–96) Afghan Civil War
(1996–2001) Taliban majority control
(2001) Coalition intervention

27. ISI and the Taliban
Taliban Developed from the Soviet – Afghan War, Trained by Pakistan, Armed by US and Saudi Arabia
Attempt to promote a pro-Pakistan government used Afghanistan as a buffer to the USSR
Following Soviet withdrawal civil war emerged in 1989

28. Taliban vs Northern Alliance
Peshwar Accord, Islamic State of Afghanistan
Civil War, Tribal Warlords
Taliban, 1996 – 2001, Mullah Omar
Northern Alliance
Following 9/11 refusal to surrender Osama bin Landen resulted in multi-national invasion