1. Interactions class Getting and understanding watershed flux data
Influence of Large Woody Debris (LWD) on rivers
Influence of Hillslope materials and processes on rivers
Influence of the Atmosphere on rivers, 1927 flood example

2. Sediment Transport Through Rivers1
Sediment Transport Through Rivers
Bedload -- material moving along the bed, shear forces exerted by water sufficient to move clasts -- rarely measured (at % level)
Suspended Load -- material kept in the water column by turbulence and lift forces (easy to measure in grab samples)
Dissolved Load -- material in solution (easy to measure in grab samples)
Bedload usually <<< than suspended load and ignored
Dissolved load varies, usually < than suspended load

3. Sampling for suspended load…….1
Sampling for suspended load…….

4. Mass Loadings and Erosion Rate Estimation1
Mass Loadings and Erosion Rate Estimation
Integrate suspended load over all flows (mass/time) +
Integrate bedload load over all flows (mass/time) +
Integrate dissolved load over all flows (mass/time)

5. Dissolved load varies over time and discharge1
Dissolved load varies over time and discharge

6. USGS Water Quality Data on line Dissolved and Suspended Load1
USGS Water Quality Data on line Dissolved and Suspended Load

7. m3 = 100 cm* 100 cm* 100 cm = 106 cm3 =103 liters
Data Manipulation
Data supplied in mg/l (1/1000 g per 1000 g) or ppm
Need to sum all constituents (Ca, Na, Mg, Cl, C03)
Need to know daily flow (in liters). How many liters/m3?
Multiply concentration by flow  Ca Na Mg
Flow
15 mg/l
8 mg/l
3 mg/l
4 mg/l
0.1 m3/s
m3 = 100 cm* 100 cm* 100 cm = 106 cm3 =103 liters
100 l/s* 60s/min*60min/hr*24hr/day*15mg/l* kg/mg=
129.6 kg/day dissolved load

8. 1
TO GET YEARLY LOAD Integration over all flows is a non trivial problem! Need Rating Curves (suspended, dissolved, bedload)
Suspended Load
Note Scatter
Hysteresis loop

9. Other Approaches…Reservoir trapping (may miss dissolved)1
Other Approaches…Reservoir trapping (may miss dissolved)
Nahal Yael, Negev Desert

10. SEDIMENT YIELD = what comes out1
SEDIMENT YIELD = what comes out
= or ≠
Timescale
Steady state
Human impact
Episodic disturbance
SEDIMENT GENERATION = Material generated by erosion

11. 1
Trimblegram

12. Importance of Vegetation2
Importance of Vegetation
Bank Stabilization, effective soil cohesion
Source, Large Woody Debris

13. Queets River, Olympic Penninusla, Washington2
Large Woody Debris

14. 2

15. 2
Queets -- Meander Jam

16. Most rivers have been de-snagged2
Montgomery et al., 2003
Putget Lowland

17. 2

18. Reach Scale Effects 2

19. In-Channel Effects 2

20. Valley Bottom Effects - Wood adds Complexity2
Valley Bottom Effects - Wood adds Complexity
Nisqually River w/wood
Floodplain Elevation (m)

21. Effects Felt Downstream2

22. 2
Briaded Rivers
Weak banks
High sediment load
Flashy

23. 2

24. Influence of Hillslope Materials and Processes on Channels3
Slides are frequent in mountain environments
Example: Chris Brummer, Squire Creek, North Cascades, Slide into Channel

25. 3
Toe of Slide - QT VR

26. Sediment and Woody Debris Supply - pulsed delivery3
Sediment and Woody Debris Supply - pulsed delivery

27. Stepping of Channel Profile Damming of ephemeral lakes by slides3
Outlet, overtopping dam

28. 3
Help set channel roughness boulders may be delivered by older slides….or underlying bedrock or till

29. Here, stratigraphic evidence this is not the first slide…3
Here, stratigraphic evidence this is not the first slide…
Recent Slide Debris
Older Slide Debris

30. 4
1927 Flood
Antecedence --Rainfall during the month of October averaged about 150 percent of normal across the state. In northern and central sections, some stations received percent of normal.

31. Major Channel Change and Realignment - Proctor4

32. Major damage at constrictions, e.g., bridges4
Isohyet map

33. Winooski-Burlington response4
Winooski-Burlington response

34. 4
Cause of the Flood
Mositure-laden air was forced to rise as it encountered the Green Mountains, resulting in torrential downpours. Rainfall in Northfield totaled 1.65 inches from 4:00 am to 11:00 am on the 3rd, with 4.24 inches falling from 11:00 am to 8:00 pm. The total from late evening of the 2nd to late morning on the 4th was 8.71 inches.

35. Wednesday Lab Meet in classroom Move to the field, Bolton
Cooler weather, be prepared.
Wear sturdy shoes please