1. Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science
Chapter 1
ABOUT SCIENCE

2. What do you know about science? What is science?

3. This lecture will help you understand:
A Brief History of Advances in Science
Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
The Scientific Hypothesis
The Scientific Experiment
Facts, Theories, and Laws
Science Has Limitations
Science, Art, and Religion
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Integrated Science

4. A Brief History of Advances in Science
The beginnings of science go back thousands of years to a cause-and-effect way of looking at the world.

5. A Brief History of Advances in Science
Forward steps in the history of science, as highlighted in the text, occurred in
Greece
Italy
China
Polynesia
Arab Nation
Poland
Germany
… and in many other parts of the world.

6. A Brief History of Advances in Science
During the Dark Ages in Europe,
previous scientific knowledge was lost as
religion became established.
During the 10th through 12th centuries,
Islamic people brought books into Spain that had been banned by the church
universities emerged

7. A Brief History of Advances in Science
During the 15th century,
invention of Gutenberg’s printing press
experiments of Galileo
arrival of Renaissance period that provided a foothold to the advance of science and rational thinking

8. Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
Is an important tool in science
equations are shorthand notation for the relationships between scientific concepts
abbreviates a relationship that can be stated in words
makes common sense
equations can guide your thinking

9. Mathematics and Conceptual Integrated Science
Example:
Concept—When you stretch a spring, your pull is proportional to the stretch.
Proportion—expressed as F ∼ ×,
where F is your pulling force, and
x is the distance the spring stretches
Proportions and equations tell you:
If one thing changes a certain way, another will change correspondingly.

10. Do equal sizes always contain the same amount of matter?

11. Density
Purpose:
To determine how an object’s density is related to its mass, volume and tendency to sink or float.

12. Procedure
Use the method demonstrated in the diagram to measure the length, width and height of the steel cube in centimeters.
Record your measurements.
Calculate the volume of the steel cube.
Repeat steps 1-3 for the other cubes.

13. Data Table Cube Volume Table Material of Solid Cube Length (cm)
Width (cm)
Height (cm)
Volume from calculation (cm3)
steel

14. Calculations Cube Density Data Material of solid cube Mass (g)
Volume (cm3)
Density (g/cm3)
Prediction
Result

15. Thinking About what You Learned
Explain why two different objects can have equal volumes but different masses?

16. Sample Response
When two different objects have the same volume but different masses, it changes the density of the object. An object with more mass will have more density. For example, if an object has a volume of 1mL and a mass of 1g, its density is 1 g/mL. However, if the mass increases to 10g, the density is 10 g/mL.

17. What is the fastest route from my house to school?

18. The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool
one of the ways good science is performed
More important than a particular method is
attitude of inquiry
experimentation
willingness to accept findings, even those not desired

19. The Scientific Hypothesis
Principle of falsifiability
For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable—it must, in principle, be capable of being proved wrong.

20. Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?
A. The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.

21. Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these is a scientific hypothesis?
A. The Moon is made of green cheese.
Atomic nuclei are the smallest particles in nature.
A magnet will pick up a copper penny.
Cosmic rays cannot penetrate the thickness of your Conceptual Integrated Science textbook.
Explanation:
All are scientific hypotheses! All choices not only have tests for proving wrongness, but they have been proved wrong. Nevertheless, they still pass the test of being a scientific hypothesis.

22. Which of these is not a scientific hypothesis?
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these is not a scientific hypothesis?
A. Protons carry an electric charge.
Undetectable particles are some of nature’s secrets.
Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field.
All of the above are scientific hypotheses.

23. Which of these is not a scientific hypothesis?
The Scientific Hypothesis
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these is not a scientific hypothesis?
A. Protons carry an electric charge.
Undetectable particles are some of nature’s secrets.
Charged particles will bend when moving in a magnetic field.
All of the above are scientific hypotheses.
Explanation:
If protons didn’t carry electric charge, they wouldn’t be deflected when crossing a magnetic field. This would be a test for showing the hypothesis wrong. So both A and C are capable of being proved wrong, which makes them scientific. Statement B, however, has no test for wrongness. It is reasonable speculation—but not a scientific hypothesis.

24. The Scientific Experiment
Rather than philosophize about nature, Galileo went an important step further—he experimented!
“The test of all knowledge is experiment. Experiment is the sole judge of scientific truth.” Richard Feynman
“No number of experiments can prove me right;
a single experiment can prove me wrong.”
Albert Einstein

26. Facts, Theories, and Laws
a phenomenon about which competent observers can agree
Theory
a synthesis of a large body of information that encompasses well-tested hypotheses about certain aspects of the natural world
Law
a general hypothesis or statement about the relationship of natural quantities that has been tested over and over again and has not been contradicted—also known as a principle

27. Which of these often changes over time with further study?
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Which of these often changes over time with further study?
A. Facts.
Theories.
Both of the above.
Neither of the above.

28. Which of these often changes over time with further study?
Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Which of these often changes over time with further study?
A. Facts.
Theories.
Both of the above.
Neither of the above.
Both can change. Is this a weakness or strength of science? For example, if everything a child holds true is unchanged when that child grows up, with years of study, even receiving advanced degrees, then either nothing was learned or the child was unusually gifted from the start—or was part of a closed system. As we learn new information, we refine our ideas. Likewise with the fields of science.
Explanation:

29. Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A person who says, “that’s only a theory” likely doesn’t know that a scientific theory is a
A. guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. Facts, Theories, and Laws
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A person who says, “that’s only a theory” likely doesn’t know that a scientific theory is a
A. guess.
number of facts.
hypothesis of sorts.
vast synthesis of well-tested hypotheses and facts.
Explanation:
Theory in everyday speech is vastly different than its use in science. A vast and verifiable body of knowledge isn’t only a theory; if it passes all its tests, it is elevated to that status! Newton’s theory of gravity, and Einstein’s theory of relativity, for example, are not idle hypotheses—both are supported by innumerable experiments. They are more than only theories.

31. Science Has Limitations
Domain of science
is in natural phenomena
does not deal with the “supernatural,”
a domain “above science”
Claims to supernatural phenomenon, true or otherwise, lie outside the domain of science.

32. Science Has Limitations
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
A major difference between pseudoscience and science is that pseudoscience
A. makes no predictions.
doesn’t use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above.

33. Science Has Limitations
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
A major difference between pseudoscience and science is that pseudoscience
A. makes no predictions.
doesn’t use scientific terminology.
has no tests for wrongness.
all of the above.
Explanation:
Some forms of pseudoscience, often called “junk science,” do make predictions, and many use scientific terminology to pose as science (magnetic healing, energy-producing machines that require no fuel, and so forth). Only science has tests for wrongness.

34. Science, Art, and Religion
Science asks how
Religion asks why
Art bridges the two
When science and religion address their respective domains, conflict between the two is minimized or absent.

35. Science, Art, and Religion
CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Between a pilot and a priest, who should fly a commercial jet airplane? Who should perform a marriage? (Although the questions are no-brainers, they have a point.)
A. The pilot should fly the plane and the priest conduct a marriage.
The priest should fly the plane and the pilot conduct a marriage.
The pilot should conduct both.
The priest should conduct both.

36. Science, Art, and Religion
CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Between a pilot and a priest, who should fly a commercial jet airplane? Who should perform a marriage? (Although the questions are no-brainers, they have a point.)
A. The pilot should fly the plane and the priest conduct a marriage.
The priest should fly the plane and the pilot conduct a marriage.
The pilot should conduct both.
The priest should conduct both.
Explanation:
The point of the questions is that the pilot and priest have nurtured different skills for different tasks, and each can do their thing well. Okay, one could argue that a pilot could adequately do both. But it would be a stretch to say a priest could do both, unless the priest was also a pilot.

37. Technology—The Practical Use of Science
an important tool of science
sometimes the fruit of science, as in medicine that cures disease
a human endeavor
can be used to elevate or to diminish the human condition
Shouldn’t its potential be to elevate?

38. The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Natural philosophy
was at one time the study of unanswered questions about nature
became science as answers were found

39. The Natural Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Earth Science, and Astronomy
Physics is the study of basic concepts such as motion, force, energy, matter, heat, sound, light, electricity, and magnetism.
Chemistry builds on physics and studies how matter is put together to produce the growing list of materials and medicines we use in our everyday lives.
Biology, built on chemistry, is the study of life—the most complex of the sciences.
Earth science is the study of geology, meteorology, and oceanography.
Astronomy is the study of nature beyond the confines of Planet Earth‚ the far-out science.

40. Integrated Science Integrated Science—fields of science overlap
merge into one another, such as biophysics, biochemistry, geophysics, astrophysics, bioastrophysics
acknowledged to present a cohesive study of the natural world

41. Integrated Science CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR
Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy, it is
A. the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.

42. Integrated Science CHECK YOUR ANSWER
Although physics may be the most difficult science course in certain schools, when compared with the fields of chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy, it is
A. the simplest.
still the hardest!
the central science, in between chemistry and biology.
simple enough, but only for especially intelligent people.
Explanation:
Just compare the list of terms in the physics chapters of this book with the lists in chapters beyond physics chapters. Which lists are shortest? Chemistry and especially biology are enormously more complex than physics. Physics is much more understood than the other fields—which is why this book begins with physics—a
foundation for chemistry, biology, Earth science, and astronomy.