Nouns.

Distinguish between proper and common nouns.
Make regular and irregular nouns plural. Spell correctly the plural forms of nouns ending in y, f, and o; proper nouns; surnames; compound nouns; and numerals, letters, abbreviations, and acronyms.

Noun Classes Nouns name: Nouns may be grouped into two classes:
Persons Places Things Qualities Feelings Concepts Activities Measures Nouns may be grouped into two classes: Common Nouns Proper Nouns

Examples of Noun Classes
Common Nouns: actor automobile restaurant capital city tablet computer politician Proper Nouns: Chris Pine Ford Fusion Chipotle Baton Rouge iPad Air Margaret Thatcher

Noun Plurals—Regular Plural nouns: name two or more things Regular nouns: form the plural with the addition of s or es

Making Regular Nouns Plural
Add s to most regular nouns office, offices manager, managers loss, losses box, boxes klutz, klutzes bench, benches brush, brushes Add es to regular nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh Exception: quiz, quizzes

Making Irregular Nouns Plural
A few plural nouns change form. Examples: man, men foot, feet mouse, mice child, children

How would you make these nouns plural?
     businesses business coin house quiz tax virus wish porch woman mouse      coins      houses      quizzes      taxes      viruses      wishes      porches      women      mice

Nouns Ending in y When y is preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u), add s only. attorney, attorneys holiday, holidays turkey, turkeys valley, valleys When y is preceded by a consonant, change the y to ies. baby, babies company, companies luxury, luxuries secretary, secretaries

Nouns Ending in ff, f, or fe
For nouns ending in ff, add s. tariff, tariffs cliff, cliffs For nouns ending in f or fe, no standard rule is followed. Study these examples and use a dictionary when in doubt. Add s surf, surfs safe, safes Change to ves knife, knives shelf, shelves

Nouns Ending in o When o is preceded by a vowel, add s only.
curio, curios studio, studios ratio, ratios portfolio, portfolios When o is preceded by a consonant, no standard rule applies. add s or es. Add s auto, autos memo, memos Add es potato, potatoes veto, vetoes

Nouns Ending in o Musical terms ending in o are always made plural by adding s only. alto, altos soprano, sopranos piano, pianos banjo, banjos solo, solos cello, cellos radio, radios stereo, stereos

Proper Nouns and Surnames
Most proper nouns are made plural by adding s. When the appears before a surname, the name is always plural. Avila, the Avilas Kennedy, the Kennedys Pagano, the Paganos Guffey, the Guffeys Miller, the Millers Petty, the Pettys October, Octobers

Proper Nouns and Surnames
Proper nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh are made plural by adding es. Williams, the Williamses Rex, the Rexes Gomez, the Gomezes Lynch, the Lynches Bush, the Bushes March, Marches

Compound Nouns If a compound noun is written as a single word, make the final element plural. bookshelf, bookshelves workman, workmen

Compound Nouns If a compound noun is written as separate words, make the principal word plural. editor in chief, editors in chief account payable, accounts payable board of directors, boards of directors bill of sale, bills of sale

Compound Nouns If a compound noun is hyphenated, make the principal word plural. father-in-law, fathers-in-law runner-up, runners-up If a compound noun has no principal word, make the final element plural. data processor, data processors start-up, start-ups

Numerals, Alphabet Letters, and Isolated Words
Generally, add s only. the 1980s 9s and 10s pros and cons Cs and Ds Isolated lowercase letters and the capital letters A, I, M, and U require ’s for clarity. A’s and Bs cross your t’s

Abbreviations and Acronyms
Usually add s to the singular form of abbreviations, acronyms, academic degrees, and measurements. wk., wks. MD, MDs PIN, PINs MBA, MBAs lb. or lbs. (either plural form is acceptable)

     fathers-in-law father-in-law copy CPA editor in chief knife p and q Sunday 1990 tomato radio      copies      CPAs      editors in chief      knives      p’s and q’s      Sundays      1990s      tomatoes      radios

Follow three steps in applying the apostrophe to show possession.
Distinguish between descriptive nouns and possessive nouns. Create correct possessive forms of compound nouns, names, and abbreviations while also avoiding awkward possessives.

Showing Possession Apostrophes are used to show the following:
Ownership Kim’s book Origin Dr. Moss’s prescription Authorship Hemingway’s works Measurement ten years’ experience

Showing Possession How do we know where to place apostrophes?

Three Steps in Using the Apostrophe to Show Possession
Look for possessive construction. Usually two nouns appear together. Have you seen Kim’s book? The children’s playground is new. The waitress’s schedule was adjusted. Brad has ten years’ experience.        

Reverse the nouns. Use the second noun to begin a prepositional phrase. book of Kim playground of the children schedule of the waitress experience of ten years

Examine the ownership word. Is it singular or plural? Does it end in s? Kim (singular and does not end in s) children (plural and does not end in s) waitress (singular and does end in s) years (plural and does end in s)

If the ownership word does NOT end in s, add an apostrophe and s, whether the noun is singular or plural. Kim’s book children’s playground

If the ownership word is singular and DOES end in s, add an apostrophe and s. waitress’s schedule If the ownership word is plural and DOES end in s, add an apostrophe only. ten years’ experience

How would you show possession in this sentence?
See the two nouns together? Reverse the nouns. Examine the ownership word. Singular or plural? End in s? Do you add an apostrophe s or just an apostrophe? That company(s) workers rely heavily on texting. company’s

See the two nouns together? Reverse the nouns. Examine the ownership word. Singular or plural? End in s? Do you add an apostrophe s or just an apostrophe? All administrator(s) salaries will be reduced. administrators’

See the two nouns together? Reverse the nouns. Examine the ownership word. Singular or plural? End in s? Do you add an apostrophe s or just an apostrophe? That attorney(s) hourly rate is too high. attorney’s

See the two nouns together? Reverse the nouns. Examine the ownership word. Singular or plural? End in s? Do you add an apostrophe s or just an apostrophe? Employees(s) benefits will change next year. Employees’

Descriptive v. Possessive Nouns
When nouns describe or identify only, apostrophes are not used. Sales Division (not Sales’ Division) Human Resources Department (not Human Resources’ Department) United States Navy (not United States’ Navy)

Compound Nouns The final element of the compound shows the possessive.
father-in-law’s signature editor in chief’s suggestions several runners-up’s awards

Names of Organizations
Organizations with possessives in their names may or may not use apostrophes. Follow the style they use. Domino’s Pizza Starbucks McDonald’s Mrs. Fields Noah’s Bagels Chevys Fresh Mex

Names of People Make people’s names possessive by following the same rules for making other nouns possessive. Name Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Lisa Robertson Lisa Robertson’s car the Robertsons’ home Nick Adams Nick Adams’s camera the Adamses’ business Jose Lopez Jose Lopez’s job the Lopezes’ children Susan Nash Susan Nash’s résumé the Nashes’ vacation

Abbreviations and Acronyms
Make abbreviations and acronyms possessive by following the same guidelines as for other nouns. Levi Strauss & Co.’s jeans one CPA’s decision both CPAs’ final reports NASA’s achievements

Awkward Possessives Reword awkward expressions by using prepositional phrases. Awkward Revised the chief of police’s pension the pension of the chief of police my friend’s father’s business the business of my father’s friend Mr. Salzman, my attorney’s advice the advice of my attorney, Mr. Salzman

Change the following prepositional phrases into apostrophe constructions.
attorney general’s documents documents of the attorney general desk of Lisa Woods friends of the Lopezes decisions of both CFOs Lisa Woods’s desk the Lopezes’ friends both CFOs’ decisions

Make challenging nouns plural, including foreign nouns and special nouns.
Construct correct forms for possessives that involve time, money, incomplete possessives, separate and combined ownership, and academic degrees.

Foreign Nouns Nouns derived from foreign languages may retain a foreign plural form, or they may have an Americanized form. Singular Plural alumna (feminine) alumnae (feminine) alumnus (masculine) alumni (masculine) analysis analyses basis bases criterion criteria (or criterions) datum datum* *The word data may be considered a collective noun; thus it may be either singular or plural.

Foreign Nouns Singular Plural diagnosis diagnoses formula
formulae (or formulas) medium media (or mediums) millennium millennia (or millenniums) parenthesis parentheses phenomenon phenomena (or phenomenons) stimulus stimuli syllabus syllabi (or syllabuses) thesis theses

Special Nouns Some special nouns are only singular or only plural in meaning. Other special nouns may be considered either singular or plural in meaning. Usually Singular Usually Plural Either Singular or Plural billiards clothes Chinese economics congratulations corps genetics goods deer kudos pliers politics measles thanks species news trousers statistics

     bacteria bacterium crisis headquarters hypothesis memorandum moose alumna alumnus criterion statistics      crises      headquarters      hypotheses      memoranda      moose      alumnae      alumni      criteria      statistics

Possession With Time and Money
Remember that time and money can show possession. one year’s earnings (earnings of one year) three years’ experience (experience of three years) one dollar’s worth (worth of one dollar) ten dollars’ worth (worth of ten dollars)

Incomplete Possessives
When the second noun is unstated but is understood, the possessive is incomplete. Use an apostrophe to show possession even though the second noun is only implied. The party is at Francisco’s. (What is implied?) Darren’s exam is earlier than Craig’s.

Separate and Combined Ownership
When two nouns express separate ownership, make both nouns possessive. Both the men’s and women’s locker rooms are clean. Scott’s and Lydia’s cars are for sale.

Separate and Combined Ownership
When two nouns express combined ownership, make only the second noun possessive. Dawn and Cheryl’s apartment is located near campus. The husband and wife’s inheritance was substantial.

Separate or Combined Ownership: Clues
Look at the object owned (apartment, inheritance). If that object is singular, ownership is usually combined.

Academic Degrees Generic academic degrees are written with possessive apostrophes, even if the word degree is implied. Kristen earned her associate’s degree. UCLA offers many bachelor’s degrees. A master’s in accounting is required for the position. Mitchell earned his doctoral degree. (no apostrophe)

Identify and correct any noun possession errors in this sentence.
Correction: In three day’s time, we will board a plane for Hawaii. In three days’ time, we will board a plane for Hawaii.

Correction: One months rent is all you need to secure this apartment. One month’s rent is all you need to secure this apartment.

Correction: Sandy purchased five hour’s worth of wireless access at the airport. Sandy purchased five hours’ worth of wireless access at the airport.

Correction: We always get our moneys worth at this restaurant. We always get our money’s worth at this restaurant.

Correction: Our book club will meet at Michelles in June. Our book club will meet at Michelle’s in June.

Correction: Jonathan’s proposal was more convincing than Kendras. Jonathan’s proposal was more convincing than Kendra’s.

Correction: Michael and Sam’s cars were both broken into last night. Michael’s and Sam’s cars were both broken into last night. (separate ownership)

Correction: Amy’s and Aaron’s daughter is in high school. Amy and Aaron’s daughter is in high school. (combined ownership)

Correction: James earned his masters degree in business administration. James earned his master’s degree in business administration.

Correction: You need a bachelors degree to qualify for this position. You need a bachelor’s degree to qualify for this position.

Can an Apostrophe Make a Difference?
The butler stood by the door and called the guests names as they arrived. OR The butler stood by the door and called the guests’ names as they arrived.

“One of the glories of English simplicity is the possibility of using the same word as noun and verb.” – Edward Sapir, American anthropologist/linguist ( )

Nouns.

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Nouns.

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