1. Intelligence

2. What is Intelligence? Fluid Intelligence – processing ability
Crystallized Intelligence – knowledge acquired
By age 3 children’s performances can predict future intelligence.
Fluid intelligence decreases to about age 75.

3. “g” - factor
Charles Spearman believes there is a general intelligence.
Used factor analysis to identify and quantify abilities in certain areas.
If your good at one thing, then you’ll be good at another.

4. Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

5. Are these people bodily-kinesthetic geniuses equal to Einstein and DaVinci?=

6. Are these people Moral geniuses?

7. Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand your own emotions and those of people around you.
Highly intelligent people can be social morons

8. Autistic/Idiot Savants
Score low on intelligence tests, but have extraordinary skills usually in the form of memory feats, or mathematic, artistic, or musical abilities
Rain Man
Rex Lewis Clack
Stephen Wiltshire

9. Colleges and Universities
Should schools take multiple intelligence into account when accepting students?
How can schools incorporate multiple intelligences into their curriculums? Should They?

10. Tests
Aptitude tests – attempt to predict future performance (SAT, GRE, ACT)
Achievement tests – attempt to measure what you’ve learned (Regents exams, AP exam)

11. What makes a good test? Standardization and Norms (avg. scores)
Norms determine how well you do compared to a representative sample.
Typically form a normal distribution.

12. What makes a good test? Reliability – consistent results
Test-retest and split-half scores help predict reliability
Validity – the test measures what it is supposed to measure.
Criterion related validity – does it measure what’s intended?
Can a test be reliable, but not valid?
Can a test be valid, but have low reliability?

13. Predictive Validity of the SAT
Is the SAT reliable?
Is the SAT a valid test?
Is the SAT a valid measure of future performance?
Low predictive validity
SAT math (r = .39)
SAT verbal (r = .37)
H.S. grades (r = .46)
Combined predictors (r = .57)
Females score points lower than males, yet they get better grades in college.
Class rank and high school GPA seem to be the best predictors of future performance.
Why do colleges use it?

14.  SAT takers in the Year 2002
Verbal
Math
Total
 Ethnic Group
 Amer. Indian or Alaskan Native
479
483
962
 Asian,Asian Amer., orPacific Islander
501
569
1070
 African American or Black
430
427
857
 Mexican or Mexican American
446
457
903
 Puerto Rican
455
451
906
 Other Hispanic or Latino
458
464
922
 White
527
533
1060
 Other
502
514
1016
 Familiy Income
 Less than $10,000/year
417
442
859
 $10,000 - $20,000/year
435
453
888
 $20,000 - $30,000/year
461
470
931
 $30,000 - $40,000/year
480
485
965
 $40,000 - $50,000/year
496
997
 $50,000 - $60,000/year
505
509
1014
 $60,000 - $70,000/year
511
516
1027
 $70,000 - $80,000/year
517
524
1041
 $80,000 - $100,000/year
530
538
1068
 More than $100,000/year
555
568
1123
 Gender
 Female
500
1002
 Male
507
534
 ALL TEST-TAKERS
504
1020

15. First Intelligence Tests
Alfred Binet established a test to identify students who needed additional help in schooling.
Simon and Binet attempted to measure a child’s mental age.
Herman Terman created the Stanford-Binet Test to determine IQ

16. Modern Tests of Mental Abilities
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) – set of 11 subtests
Wechsler Scale for Children (WISC)

17. Change over time Flynn effect – we are smarter today Why?
Avg. IQ score 80 yrs. ago was a 76
Goes up about 3 pts. every decade
Why?
Better nutrition?
More Education?
More Stimulating environments?

18. Stability vs. Change
Baby’s 2-11 months who become bored easily tend to score higher on IQ tests 10 years later.
By age 7 intelligence test scores stabilize.

19. Group Differences Asians score higher than whites
Jews score higher than gentiles
Whites score higher than blacks
About 15 pts. or 1 SD
16% of blacks score higher than avg. white
Hispanics are between whites and blacks and Native Americans are below blacks
What accounts for these differences?

20. Environmental effects
Differences in child-rearing
Commands vs. explanations
TV watching
Inferior schools
Nutrition
Prenatal care
Lead pollution and other toxins

21. Genetic Influences
Adopted children are more similar to their biological parents
Twin studies
163 twins reared apart have similar IQs

22. Social Class and Intelligence
The Eugenics Movement wanted to discourage reproduction of individuals
IQ is strongly related to
Crime
Poverty levels
Welfare