1. Intelligence
Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

2. Theories of Intelligence: single versus multiple
Spearman’s theory of g
There is a common set of skills (abilities) that underlie cognitive performance in different areas (verbal, spatial, reasoning, quantitative)
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
There are many relatively independent types of intelligences
Being high in one area implies very little about performance in other areas
Sternberg’s theory of multiple intelligences
There are a few types of intelligence that contribute to different types of success in life

3. Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Bodily-kinesthetic (body smart)
The capacity to use your whole body or parts of your body to solve a problem, make something, or put on some kind of production.
e.g., Martha Graham – as promised

4. Intelligence and Creativity
Creativity is the ability to produce new and valuable ideas
Intelligence is necessary but not sufficient for creativity
There are probably 5 components of creativity
Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills
Venturesome personality
Intrinsic motivation
Creative environment

5. Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.

6. How is EI used in life?
Manage emotions without being hijacked by depression, anxiety, or anger.
Delay gratification in the pursuit of long-range rewards
Do not get overtaken by impulses
Have empathy to read others’ emotions
Handle others’ emotions skillfully

7. How do we assess intelligence?
Intelligence Test
a method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Focus on individual differences in intellectual functioning
Intelligence is what intelligence tests measure – is it?

8. Origins of intelligence assessments?
Chinese system BC
European history – Late 19th and early 20th century:
Availability of public (free) education in Paris and the problems of immigrant children in schools (1904)
Request by minister of education to test children
Binet (pediatrician) was contracted do design a test
Revision: Stanford Binet test by Terman
French norms did not work well for American children

9. Sample Items from 1911 Binet-Simon Test

10. Measurement of Intelligence: Binet’s Mental age
A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Alfred Binet
Based on the assumption that all children follow the same course of development but at different speeds
Chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance
Child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

11. Measurement of Intelligence: Terman’s IQ
Terman’s Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = (ma/ca x 100)
The formula works well for children, but not adults.
Revisied (today’s) IQ
On contemporary tests, IQ is measured relative to the average performance of those who are at a similar age
Average for a given age is assigned a score of 100; two-thirds scoring between

12. The Normal Curve

13. From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
Most commonly used Intelligence Test: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information
Similarities
Arithmetic Reasoning
Vocabulary
Comprehension
Digit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion
Picture Arrangement
Block Design
Object Assembly
Digit-Symbol Substitution

14. The Wechsler Verbal Scales

15. The Wechsler Performance Scales

16. About intelligence testing
How are intelligence tests used?
Is the idea of testing “fair”?
Intelligence tests?
OSS test?
TOEFL test?
What are the alternatives to testing?
What do tests measure?
How are intelligence tests constructed?