1. Shiffa binti Abdul Aziz 1416312 Introduction to Linguistics
Morphology in Hindi
Shiffa binti Abdul Aziz
Introduction to Linguistics

2. Theory of Morphology
Morphology is the study of words which are formally and semantically related.
An expression must possess the following three properties in order to be called a ‘word’
- a phonological structure
- a category
- a meaning
Any morphological relationship between two words of a language can be described by a rule : Morphological Strategy (MS) or Word Formation Strategy (WFS)

3. Derivational
Reduplication
Inflection

4. Derivational Suffix (morphemes are added at the end of a word)
The process by which words are formed from existing words or bases by adding affixes.
Suffix (morphemes are added at the end of a word)
X (n, masc., sing.)
Meaning
sudhar
reform
sudharək
reformer
lekh
essay
lekhək
writer

5. Prefix (morphemes added at the beginning of a word)
X (n., abs., sing.) əX (n., abs., sing.) Opposite of X
Noun (masc.,sing.)
Meaning
Adjective
(Xless  X = Noun)
adhar
base
nIradhar
baseless
bhəy
fear
nIrbhəy
fearless
X (noun, abstract, singular
Meaning
əX (noun, abstract, singular
səty
truth
əsəty
untruth
səhməti
agreement
əsəhməti
disagreement

6. Inflection (Xa)adjective, masculine (Xi)adjective, feminine
An alteration of the form of a word by the addition of an affix, as in English dogs from dog, or by changing the form of a base, as in English spoke from speak, that indicates grammatical features such as number, gender, mood, or tense.
(Xa)adjective, masculine (Xi)adjective, feminine
Ladaki (girl) Ladaka (boy)
Beti (daughter) Beta (s0n)
Xa (adj, masc)
Xi (adj, fem)
Meaning
kala
kali
black
mota
moti
fat

7. Reduplication The added element in a word form that is reduplicated.
Morphological processes often integrate with each other. (E.g. reduplication and compounding)
Theoretical models of reduplication :
- Phonological Copying Theory
- Morphological Doubling Theory
treats reduplication as the insertion of two identical or semantically equivalent morphological constituents.

8. [ ]([F]) [ ] Fi [ ] Fi Diagram for a morphological doubling schema
A construction of Modern Hindi, pairs synonymous adjectives, the first of native origin and the second of Perso-Arabic origin, to give an overall meaning of ‘[noun] et cetera’
[ ] Fi
[ ] Fi
+Native (Hindi)
Meaning
-Native
(Perso-Arabic)
[‘noun, etc’]
(a)
tan
body
badan
tan-body
(b)
vivaah
marriage
shaadi
vivaah-shaadi

9. [vivaah-shaadi][‘marriage, etc’] [tan] [‘body’] [badan] [‘body’]
(a) [tan-body][‘body, etc’]
(b)
[vivaah-shaadi][‘marriage, etc’]
[tan] [‘body’]
[badan] [‘body’]
[tan] [‘body’]
[tan] [‘body’]

10. Thank You 