1. Vocal Mechanism Chapter 5
Perry C. Hanavan, AuD

2. Cultures
The Jimi Hendrix of Mongolia Incredible Human Machine Steven Tyler Wall of Sound Naturally 7 Dr. Patricia Kuhl: Linguist Genius of Babies

3. Question The larynx is the: Voice box Throat Esophagus Nasal passage
Oral cavity

4. Practice Labeling

5. Review

6. Swallowing Reflex
Bolus of food triggers reflex as it passes tongue above larynx
Larynx elevates
Epiglottis drops down to cover aditus (opening to larynx from pharynx)
Tight adduction of folds

7. Vocal Fold Functions

8. Laryngeal Function for Speech
Attack
Simultaneous
Breathy
Glottal
Termination
Sustained phonation
Vocal register
Whispering

9. Laryngeal Function for Speech
Attack - process of bringing folds together for phonation, requires muscles (three types):
Simultaneous - adduction and onset of exhalation occurs together
Breathy - airflow begins before phonation “hope”, Breathy phonation - failure to completely close folds
Glottal- used when word begins with stressed vowel, normal process (Hard glottal attack – damaging)
Termination - process of fold retraction (abduction)
Sustained phonation - requires maintenance of tonic (sustained tensing) of musculature (actual phonation does not require repeated adduction and abduction)

10. Phonatory System

11. Larynx

12. Question The only bone of the larynx is: Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid(s)
Epiglottis
Hyoid

13. Larynx

14. Question The vocalis muscle attaches to: Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid(s)
B and C
A and C

15. Question The largest cartilage is the: Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid(s)
Mandible
Hyoid

16. Larynx

17. Question
To close or bring together:
Abduct
Adduct
Neither

18. Vocal Folds

19. Muscles of Larynx Extrinsic Intrinsic
Have one point of attachment to larynx and other attachment other structure
Intrinsic
Have origin and insertion within larynx

20. Question The vocalis is an ____ laryngeal muscle: Extrinsic Intrinsic
Both
Neither

21. The Vocal Folds

22. Developmental

23. Vocal Length Change with Age

24. Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory
Model describing voice production (phonation) as a combination of:
Muscle force (myo)
Tissue elasticity (elasticity)
Pressures and flows (aerodynamic)
Bernoulli principle

25. Mucosal Wave Examples Mucosal Waves Mucosal Wave
Asymmetrical Mucosal Wave
Spasmodic dysphonia

26. Mucosal Wave
Vertical phase difference
Longitudinal phase difference

27. Question The Bernoulli principle:
As velocity increases, pressure decreases
As velocity decreases, pressure increases
As velocity increases, pressure increases
As velocity decreases, pressure decreases
A and B are true
C and D are true

28. Bernoulli Principle As flow increases, pressure decreases
Subglottal air pressure increases and forces vocal folds to abduct
Rapid flow of air through glottal space decreases pressure in the glottis and vocal folds close

29. Phonation: Glottal Spectrum
Determined by mass, length, and tension
Changes throughout utterance (question vs. statement, etc.)
Males Fo (80-150)
Females Fo ( )
Children Fo ( )

30. Glottal Spectrum Glottal Fo with harmonics
Does not represent what is heard due to vocal tract modulation
The Fo corresponds to the perceived pitch of the voice
The harmonics contribute to the quality of the voice

31. Fo & Harmonic Spacing
Adult Male
Adult Female
Child

32. Roll Off--Fo

33. Question
Who has the largest harmonic spaces (distance between harmonics)?
Males
Females
Young girls
Young boys
C & D

34. Voice Quality
Cycle-to-cycle variations in frequency and amplitude can occur from several factors:
Neurologic
Biomechanic
Aerodynamic
Hearing loss (inadequate feedback system)

35. Voice Quality
Hyperadducted
Hypoadducted

36. Vocal Registers
Vocal register - differences in mode of vibration of vocal folds
Modal register - pattern of phonation used in daily conversations
Glottal fry - (rough voice) vibrating portion flaccid, lateral portion tensed resulting in strong medial compression with short, thick folds and low glottal pressure
Falsetto - long and extremely thin folds
Whistle register - turbulence on edge of vocal folds
Whispering - not actually phonatory because no voicing partially adducted and tensed to produce turbulence, strenuous and fatiguing

37. Vocal Registers

38. Glottal Fry Also known as pulse register or Strohbass (straw bass)
Vocal folds vibrate between 30 and 90 Hz
Frying pan sound of eggs frying
Low subglottal pressure
Tension of the vocalis is significantly reduced relative to modal vibration, so that the vibrating margin is flaccid and thick. The lateral portion of folds is tensed creating thick folds
Example

39. Glottal Fry
Vocal Fry

40. Falsetto
A singing technique that produces sounds that are pitched higher than the singer's normal range
Vocal folds lengthened and become extremely thin
expansion and separation of vocal cords, in which case, only the edges of the vocal cord vibrate, not the entire vocal cord
used by male countertenors to sing in the alto range, before women sang in choirs.
It is a very common technique in soul music, and has also been made popular in heavy metal
How to sing falsetto
Falsetto Voice Phrases

41. Whistle Register Register above falsetto
(flageolet register) is the highest register of the human voice
Up to 2500 Hz in females
Product of turbulence on the edge of the vocal fold
Not considered a mode of vibration as product of turbulence
Mariah Carey

42. Whispering
Not a phonatory mode
Voicing removed
Mariah Carey

43. Whistle and Falsetto
Elton John perfoms Benny and The Jets on Soul Train (falsetto)
Mariah Carey's Whistle Register Collection

44. Vocal Fry
Vocal fry: Why talking like Kim Kardashian and Katy Perry is bad for your health
What Is Vocal Fry & Is It Bad For You?

45. Abnormal Voice Dysphonia -
generic term for any voice that sounds deviant in terms of quality, pitch, and/or loudness
Spasmodic Dysphonia - Muscle Tension Dysphonia - Optimal Breathing Voice Training
Spasmodic dysphonia
Hoarseness Explained Medical Course

46. Question
Maintaining childhood pitch despite having passed through puberty…
Aphonia
Puberphonia
Phonia fear
Non-phonia

47. Puberphonia
Maintenance of the childhood pitch despite having passed through puberty
Puberphonia
Other voice disorders

48. Abnormal Voice
Breathy Voice
Hoarse/Rough Voice

49. FO & Hearing Loss
Leder SB, Spitzer JB, Kirchner JC. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol May-Jun;96(3 Pt 1):322-4.
Speaking fundamental frequency of postlingually profoundly deaf adult men. Investigated speaking fundamental frequency (F0) of 21 postlingually profoundly sensorineurally deaf males
Speaking F0 was significantly higher for the deaf group than for normal-hearing, age-matched men.
Neither duration of profound deafness nor hearing aid usage affected speaking F0 values significantly.

50. Hearing vs. Hearing Loss
J Acoust Soc Am Jan;71(1): Long-term average speech spectra for normal and hearing-impaired adolescents. Monsen RB. Spectra characterized by regular pattern of peaks occurring at multiples of the talkers' fundamental frequencies and by slopes declining at rates of -5 to -6 dB/octave.
Adolescents with HL produced spectra for which the harmonic structure ranged from very well defined to the irregular and poorly defined; spectral slopes declined at rates equal to or greater than the normal rate, in some cases declining at twice the normal rate.

51. Hearing vs. Cochlear Implant
OBJECTIVE: The different speech sounds are formed by the primary voice signal and by the shape of the articulation tract. With this mechanism, specific overtones, the formants, are generated for each vowel. The objective of this study was to investigate the fundamental frequency (F0) of the voice signal and the first three formants (F1-F3) as a parameter of the articulation in prelingually deafened children at different timepoints after cochlear implantation (CI) compared with children with normal speech development.
CONCLUSIONS: Prelingually deaf children who receive a CI before fourth birthday attain better acoustic control over speech, normalizing fundamental frequencies and improving their articulatory skills.
Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol Nov 11;66(2): Changes of voice and articulation in children with cochlear implants. Seifert E, Oswald M, Bruns U, Vischer M, Kompis M, Haeusler R.

52. Parameters of Vocalizations

53. Voice Disorders jitter shimmer
cycle to cycle variability in frequency of vocal fold vibration also called frequency perturbation
shimmer
cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal fold vibration also called amplitude perturbation

54. Question Which is jitter?
cycle to cycle variability in frequency of true vocal fold vibration also called frequency perturbation
cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of vocal fold vibration also called amplitude perturbation
cycle to cycle variability in frequency of false vocal fold vibration also called frequency perturbation
cycle to cycle variability in amplitude of false vocal fold vibration also called amplitude perturbation