1. Herbal Medicine Manufacturing Week 6: Lozenges and Pastilles Gargles

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3. Lozenges and Pastilles
Solid medicines designed to dissolve in the mouth, and absorbed through mucous membranes
Lozenges: Combinations of refined sugar, gum acacia or a similar natural gum, distilled water and herbs or flavourings
Pastilles: Infused, decocted or powdered herbs with gelatine (or equivalent) and glycerine, tend to be softer and more chewy than lozenges.
The sucking releases the preparation slowly and is specifically indicated for local conditions of the mouth, throat or - via reflex
actions - conditions of the digestive system or upper respiratory tract
A glycero-gelatine base is the base for pastilles. Add liquid fluid extracts in equal proportions . Easy to prepare.
Pastilles were originally medicinal in origin and part of a doctor’s dispensary, like root beers and many herbal-themed beverages (sarsaparilla, burdock, ginger etc.), have been industrialised into candy and soft drinks
Slippery Elm (Ulmus rubra) lozenges. Photo by Cara Faus

4. Lozenges – Ginger lozenge recipe
Ginger Lozenges (Adams & Tan p.66)
50g fresh grated ginger
500ml water
Sugar
Method:
1. Simmer ginger as for a concentrated decoction. Strain and press.
2. Measure the volume of the resulting liquid
3. Add double the quantity of sugar and dissolve over low heat while stirring
4. Bring to a gentle boil, simmer 10 minutes or until drips of mixture harden when added to cold water
5. Pour into lightly oiled moulds or paper pans
Glycero-gelatin base (Adams & Tan p.67)
Mix 1 part glycerine and 1 part water
Dissolve 1 part powdered gelatine or pre-soaked vegetarian equivalent into the mix
Heat mixture over a very low heat until all gelatine is dissolved
Herbal liquid extracts can be combined into this base
Rosehip and Slippery Elm lozenges. Photo by Courtney Dunkin <

5. Pastilles – Liquorice and propolis pastille recipe
Liquorice and Propolis pastilles- Adams & Tan p. 67
4gms gelatine
4mls glycerine
4mls distilled water
10ml liquorice FE 1:1
2mls propolis TR 1:5
Method:
Prepare glycero-gelatine base per
previous slide
Add tincture and fluid extract; stir until mixture is blended
Pour into pencil-shaped, mould or shallow pour into an ice cube tray. Set in fridge
Cut into 3cm lengths and wrap in cling wrap or cellophane and store in fridge or freezer
The consistency of the pastille will depend upon the dryness of the atmosphere following the preparation and before wrapping and storing.
Opium pastilles from the 1890s. Label states ‘1 in brandy or peppermint water as lozenge every 3-4 hours if necessary. Children ½ as above, aged 5-10, ¼ may be given. Photo by Catherine Mackenzie <
Bach Rescue Pastilles. Photo courtesy of MHP Pharmacy. <

6. Gargles
Used to wash out, soothe and/or disinfect the back of the throat in conditions such as sore throats, post-nasal drip, tonsillitis or laryngitis
Based on an infusion or decoction or diluted fluid extract of an indicated herb such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), both antiseptic for sore throats
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and
demulcent herbs are also ideal as gargles; marshmallow (Althaea officinalis), chamomile (Matricaria
recutita) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata)
Herbs with an astringent action can also be given as a gargle; myrrh (Commiphora molmol), sage (Salvia officinalis)
Finally, rubefacient herbs, or those that cause local heating can increase circulation to the throat if needed; ginger (Zingiber officinale), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and cayenne (Capsicum minimum)
A number of herbs can be used in a compound infusion or decoction to increase the number of actions
Sage, thyme, liquorice and cayenne gargle. Photo by Tim Stewart <thefruitloop.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Sore-throat-gargle-150x150.jpg>

7. Gargles – Sage, thyme and liquorice gargle recipe
Ingredients:
1 tsp dried sage
1 tsp thyme leaves
1 tsp liquorice root powder
1/4 tsp cayenne pepper (optional)
Honey, as or if necessary
Method
Place the sage, thyme and cayenne in an enclosed tea strainer and pour over 500mL of boiling water
Place the tea strainer in the solution for at least 15 minutes and stir in the liquorice root powder. You will need to stir before each use as the powder will settle.
Strain and add honey
Store in the fridge and pour into a cup a couple of times a day and gargle and spit
Sage (Salvia off.), a top tip for tired throats. Photo by Lynda Kellam <

8. References
Adams, J. Tan, E. (2012). Herbal manufacturing: How to make medicines from plants. 2nd Edition. NMIT. Melbourne, VIC.
Bashir, S. et al (2006) Studies on the spasmogenic and spasmolytic activities of Calendula officinalis flowers Phytotherapy Research 20:10;
Blumenthal M. Goldberg, A. Brinckmann, J. (2000) Herbal medicine; Expanded German Commission E monographs Integrative Medicine Communications, Austin, TX.
Braun, L. Cohen, M. (2010). Herbs & natural supplements: An evidence-based guide 3rd Edition Elsevier: Churchill Livingston, St Louis, MO.
British Herbal Pharmacopeia. (2011). Vaginal preparations. British Herbal Pharmacopeia Online. Crown Copyright Retrieved 15 August 2013 from
Cetkovic, G. et al. (2004) Antioxidant properties of marigold extracts. Food Research International 37:7;
Cowper, A. (1996). Manufacturing handbook for herbal medicines. Anne Cowper. Sydney, NSW.
Ebadi, M. (2007). Pharmacodynamic basis of herbal medicine 2nd Edition CRC Press, Newark, NJ.
ESCOP (European Scientific Co-operative on Phytomedicine) (1996) Calendulae flos – Calendula flower monograph. Thieme. Stuttgart, Germany.
Felter, H. Lloyd, J. (1898) King’s American Dispensatory. 18th Edition. Ohio Valley Co. Cincinnati, OH.
Gladstar, R. (1993). Herbal healing for women: Simple home remedies for women of all ages. Bantam Books. London, UK.
Green, J. (2000). The herbal-medicine maker’s handbook: a home manual. The Crossing Press, Forestville, CA.
Grieve, M. (1931). A modern herbal. Penguin Publishers, London, UK.
Hoffmann, D. (2002). Complete illustrated guide to the holistic herbal Element Publishing, Miami, FL.
Mills, S. (1991). Out of the earth Viking Arcana, London, UK.
Mills, S. Bone, K. (2005) The essential guide to herbal safety Elsevier Pty Ltd. St Louis, MO.
Mills, B. Bone, K. (2013). Principles and practice of phytotherapy. 2nd Edition. Churchill Livingstone. London, UK.
Nuzzi, D. (1991). Herbal Preparations and Natural Therapies: Creating and using a home herbal medicine chest. Morningstar Publications. Boulder, CO.
Painter, G. (1998). A herbalist’s medicine-making workbook Standish, Prideaux and Pye Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia
Weiss, R. (2001) Weiss’s herbal medicine. Thieme. New York, NY.