1. North & South Take Different Paths
Chapter 11

2. The North Transformed 11.2
Buffalo Harbor,
New York 1847

3. How did urbanization, technology, & social change affect the North?
The North Transformed 11.2
Focus Question
How did urbanization, technology, & social change affect the North?
The Telegraph
Photo of Pittsburgh late 1800s
Immigration

4. The North Transformed 11.2 1800s – rapid urbanization driven by IR
As capitalists built more factories, farmers were attracted to the cities for a new type of work
As cities got more crowded, newly arriving immigrants would head west.

5. Pittsburgh 1840
Photo of Pittsburgh late 1800s

8. The North Transformed 11.2 Urban Issues:
Filth, lack of good sewage systems, & lack of clean drinking water = DISEASE
Citywide fires

9. The North Transformed 11.2
Filth, lack of sewage systems, & lack of clean drinking water = DISEASE

10. illustration of an early fire in New York City
The North Transformed 11.2
Citywide fires – most buildings made of wood; Poorly trained/equipped firemen
illustration of an early fire in New York City

11. The North Transformed 11.2 Growth of Northern Industry Telegraph
Advances in Agriculture
Advances in Manufacturing

12. The North Transformed 11.2
Samuel Morse invented the telegraph, which worked by sending electrical signals over a wire.
Morse Code = used shorter and longer bursts of electricity as each letter of the alphabet is represented by it’s own mix of short signals (“dots”) and long signals (“dashes”).

15. The North Transformed 11.2
Telegraphs became a part of American life as thousands of miles of wires were strung across the nation to enable communication.
One part of the country could communicate with another in hours, rather than weeks.

16. The North Transformed 11.2 Agriculture
Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical reaper, which cut stalks of wheat far faster than a human worker could. So, farmers could cultivate more land and harvest crops with fewer workers.

19. The North Transformed 11.2 Agriculture
Improvements in threshers sped up the harvesting of grain.
Threshers separate grains of wheat from their stalks, so the wheat grains can be ground into flour.

20. Buffalo Pitts Threshing Machine.

21. The North Transformed 11.2
Eventually, the mechanical reaper and the thresher were joined together in one machine called a combine.

22. The North Transformed 11.2 Manufacturing
Farm workers who were replaced by machines went to work in the cities.
1846 – Elias Howe patented the sewing machine
Isaac Singer – upgraded the sewing machine

23. Elias Howe - The Sewing Machine

25. The North Transformed 11.2
Factories in New England and the mid-Atlantic states were producing most of the nations manufactured goods.
1860 – Americans had over $1 billion invested in business, 90% of which was invested in business in the North.

26. The North Transformed 11.2 Transportation Revolution
Steamboats & Clipper Ships
Railroads

27. The North Transformed 11.2
1807 – Robert Fulton used a steam engine to power a boat, the Clermont; 1st steamboat
Ideal for river travel

28. The North Transformed 11.2 1850 – clipper ships
Long, slender American built ships with tall masts
Yankee clippers = world’s fastest ships

29. The North Transformed 11.2
Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) = America’s 1st Railroad built in 1828
Cars were drawn along the track by horses.

30. The North Transformed 11.2
1830 – Peter Cooper built the 1st American-made
steam locomotive, called the “Tom Thumb”
Peter Cooper's "Tom Thumb."
B. & O. R. R.

31. 1840 – About 3,000 miles of RR track built in U.S.

32. The North Transformed 11.2 Immigration
Rapid population growth in 1840s
Millions of immigrants, mostly from western Europe due to:
Opportunity of cheap land
Job opportunities
Push factors from their own home countries

33. The North Transformed 11.2 The Great Hunger
1845 – a fungus destroyed potato crop in Ireland, leading to famine
Potato = staple crop for the country
More than 1 million people starved to death; another million fled the country

34. The North Transformed 11.2
Many Irish immigrants came to U.S. and found work as:
Lowly construction workers/RR track layers (men)
Household workers (women)

35. The North Transformed 11.2
Nativists wanted to preserve the country for white, American-born Protestants.
They especially opposed Irish immigrants since most Irish were Roman Catholic.
Know-Nothings – secret nativists society; name came from response to inquiries about their secret order, “I know nothing.”

39. The North Transformed 11.2
Discrimination against black Americans in the North.
Freedom didn’t grant equal treatment.
Denied right to vote; not allowed to work in factories or skilled trades; most employers preferred white immigrants to black Americans.

40. The North Transformed 11.2
Racial segregation of schools, churches, & public facilities.
Newspapers & advertisements portrayed black Americans as inferior.
Freedom’s Journal, 1st newspaper owned and run by African American. Editor, John B. Russwurm, one of 1st black men to graduate from an American college.