1. Answer the following in your notebook:
IOT POLY ENGINEERING
3-2
12 March 10
DRILL
Answer the following in your notebook:
If non-renewable fuels come from renewable plants and animals, why do we call them non-renewable?

2. UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER 3-2 UNIT 3 Topics Covered
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3-2
UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER
UNIT 3
Topics Covered
Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels
Classical Mechanics:
Force, Work, Energy, and Power
Trigonometry and Vectors
Energy and Power
Impacts of Current Generation and Use

3. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
million years – remains buried deeper.
Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

4. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Often referred to as “gas”
Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but includes quantities of other hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C
C3H8 – Propane
CH4 – Methane

5. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Methods of Extraction
Associated – found in oil fields
Non-associated – found in natural gas fields
Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds
Before use, it must undergo processing to remove everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)

6. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Methods of Extraction
Geologists locate types of rock that are known to contain gas and oil deposits.
Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source
Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore.
NG flows up the well to the surface.
Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline
NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is added to give it odor – Mercaptan

7. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Top World Producers
Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply
Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%), Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%)
90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline).

8. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Storage and Transport
NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.
NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in underground storage systems
Old oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds
Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

9. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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3-2
Processing

10. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
Uses - HOME
NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.
~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water heaters, dryers, and other appliances.
NG is raw material for:
Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives
Propane – barbecue grills

11. Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas
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3-2
Uses – INDUSTRY
Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc.
U.S.

12. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.
million years – remains buried deeper.
Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

13. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine
Oil wells release petroleum to the surface.

14. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
Oil Wells:
Drill bit begins cutting into rock
Drilling fluid (mixture of fluids, solids, chemicals)
Cools the drill bit
Removes cut rock (shows released oil when ready)

15. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
Oil Wells:
Often, natural pressure is enough to raise oil through the well to the surface.
If not, pumps:

16. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Methods of Extraction
California, 1938

17. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves
Oil reservoirs contain estimated quantities of oil
Oil reserves are estimated quantities of recoverable petroleum
Limits to production (recovery):
Technology – geology prevents getting there
Economics – amount is not worth the cost

18. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves

19. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves

20. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Reserves

21. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Barrels
1 Barrel = 42 Gallons
Other nations use different units
Oil is no longer transported in barrels – tankers and pipelines

22. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Refining
Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful
Varies in color – from clear to tar-black
Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid
Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable forms – separated into parts
Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive evaporation and condensation

23. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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Refining
Different components of crude have different boiling points.
When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid again – like steamed water in a pot
Process:
Crude is boiled
Highest boiling points
condense first
Lower boiling points
condense last

24. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Refining

25. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Refining

26. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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3-2
Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Oil Consumption
Barrels per person per day

27. Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum
Uses
Primarily used to achieve mobility
Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics, building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity
Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

28. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
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3-1
REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuels and Energy
Energy is NOT fuel used for transportation and heating, for lights and appliances, and foods for consumption.
FUEL ENERGY
Fuels are a source of energy.
Fuels are the material source of energy, containing it as a potential.

29. Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
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REVIEW
Topic 1 Energy Sources – Fuels
Fuel Types
Non-renewable
Fossil Fuels
Coal, Natural Gas, Petroleum (Oil)
Nuclear – Uranium ore
Renewable
Biofuels, Biomass, Geothermal, Hydro, Solar, Tidal, Wave, Wind

30. Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
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REVIEW
Non-Renewable Fuels – Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels are burned to release stored energy.
Formed from the heated and pressurized remains of dead plant and animal life over hundreds of millions of years.
Non-renewable – millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted faster than new ones are being formed.
Volatile: natural gas and petroleum
Nonvolatile: coal

31. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
REVIEW
Coal is formed from the remains of terrestrial plants that died around 350 million years ago.
Plant remains preserved in water and mud.
Heat and Pressure

32. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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REVIEW
Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Methods of Extraction
Underground Mining:
60% of world production
33% of U.S. mining
Uses timber for support tunnel
Machines enter and extract coal
Surface (Strip) Mining:
More coal extracted than underground mining
Exposes coal by removing land above deposits

33. Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
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REVIEW
Non-Renewable Fuels – Coal
Uses
Coal is mostly used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion.
It is usually pulverized (crushed into small particles) then burned in a furnace for electricity generation at a power plant.
~40% of world’s electricity comes from coal
~49% of U.S. electricity comes from coal