1. WESTWARD EXPANSION
SOCIAL STUDIES

2. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS
Industrial Revolution
Dramatic change from making goods by hand at home to making them with machines in factories.
Textile industry
Waterpower
Began in Britain
Samuel Slater
A British man who “stole” the plans for building a spinning machine and moved to the United States.
1790 built the first American cotton spinning machine.
Eli Whitney
Invented the cotton gin
1793
Removed cotton seeds
“gin” short for engine
Interchangeable Parts
Parts that were the same, or standard, for each product.
Parts were created to fit every musket the same.

3. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Francis C. Lowell
Built a textile factory in Waltham, Massachusetts that completed all the steps of the cloth making process.
Lowell, Massachusetts built in 1817 as a factory town
Cyrus McCormick
Built an improved reaper, a sharp blade that cut grain.
Machines for farming
John Deere
Illinois blacksmith improved the plow so that it would cut through tough roots.
National Road
Federal government built a road of stone and gravel to link the East to the Western frontier.
Improvement in travel
/transportation
Connected from Maryland to Illinois

4. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Steam Engine
Uses energy from steam to power its engine.
Can pull heavier loads
Improved transportation
steamboats
Canal
Human built-waterway.
DeWitt Clinton
“Wedding of the Waters”
Lake Erie water poured into the Hudson River.
Erie Canal
Connected the port of New York with the Great Lakes.
1825
Shipped crops quickly and easily
Boom in trade
Rail Roads
Coaches set on iron rails and pulled by horses. In 1829 the horse was replaced with a locomotive.
Peter Cooper
“Iron Horse”
Tom Thumb

5. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Andrew Jackson
Candidate of the “common man” who won his presidency by a landslide, having majority of the votes.
Inaugurated: 1829
7th President
John Quincy Adams
President at the time that the nation was experiencing westward expansion, from sea to sea.
6th President
Indian Removal Act
Law that allowed the President to remove Native Americans from their homelands.
Natives were relocated
Moved to the west of the Mississippi
Indian Territory
Where Native Americans were relocated to by President Jackson in order to avoid conflict during the time of westward expansion.
Now the state of Oklahoma
Indians were forced to sign an agreement with the federal government.

6. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS John Ross
Chief of the Cherokee who represented them in the Supreme Court
Won the case
President Jackson refused to obey and continued having soldiers force the Indians out of the east
Trail of Tears
Forced march of the Indians from the east, on an 800 mile march to the Indian Territory.
“the place where they cried”
Took more than a year
John Burnett
Young solider from Tennessee who served as an interpreter and wrote about the march.
Grown up among the Cherokee
Osceola
Chief of the Seminole who organized an army that fought against the United States
Captured in 1837

7. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Oregon Trail
More than 300,000 people traveled west on this trail.
Route west
Oregon Territory
Area of the western region of the United States during the mid 1800’s
People seeking religious freedom
In search o f gold
Cheap land
Santa Fe Trail
Crossed New Mexico and Arizona before following an old Spanish road to Los Angeles.
Not many took this trail
Mormon Trail
Travelers of this trail were part of a religious group called the Church of Jesus Christ or Latter-Day Saints
Mormons
Seeking safety

8. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Brigham Young
Led the Mormons
Illinois to Utah
Great Salt Lake, Utah
Mormons settled Salt Lake City, Utah
Rapid settlement of Mormons
Fort Bridger, Wyoming
Founded by Jim Bridger, a mountain man. Travelers used the fort as a rest stop and trading post.
Western mountains
California Trail
A trail through the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevadas to the California gold fields
Used by the “forty-niners”

9. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Sutter’s Mill
The mill that James Marshall built, first place where gold was discovered.
California
Gold Rush
Many people who migrated west, to California, looking for gold.
“Gold fever”
Forty-niners
Fortune-hunters who traveled west in search of gold.
1849
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
Mexico’s president who sent 1,400 Mexican troops into Texas in 1835.
Planned to end arguments with Texas

10. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Texas Army
Organized volunteers led by Juan Seguin who joined together to fight Santa Anna’s troops.
David Crockett
Jim Bowie
William Travis
The Alamo
A Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas that was changed into a fort.
February 23, 1836
Texan defeat
Sam Houston
Leader of the Texas army during the Texas Revolution
1st president of the republic of Texas
San Jacinto River
Texans defeated the Mexican army on April 21, Santa was captured and agreed to grant independence to Texas in exchange for his freedom.
“Remember the Alamo!”

11. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Houston
Capital of Texas
The Lone Star
James K. Polk
Promised the American people “all of Texas”, sent an official to Mexico to settle the border dispute
11th president
Offered to buy the territories of California and New Mexico for $30 million
Rio Grande
Forms part of the border between the United States and Mexico
river
Zachary Taylor
Captured several Mexican cities and led forces to defeat Santa Anna’s army at the Battle of Buena Vista
General
12th president

12. WESTWARD EXPANSION TERM DEFINITION IMPORTANT FACTS Winfield Scott
Led troops to attack the Chapultepec fortress.
General
Ends the War with Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Ended the war, made Rio Grande the official border between Texas and Mexico.
1848
Manifest Destiny
Belief that the United states would occupy land from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean.
Key role in the settlement of the west