1. SORPTION HEAT PUMPS AND REFRIGERATORS
L.L. Vasiliev
Belarus – Indian Workshop “Advances in sorption based thermal devices, 2 – 3 November 2004
Luikov Heat & Mass Transfer Institute, Minsk, Belarus

2. INTRODUCTION and air-conditioning in regions free of grid electricity
Developing countries extremely need for heat pumping, refrigeration,
and air-conditioning in regions free of grid electricity
Concept of ammonia, CO2, water and hydrogen as a nature friendly
working fluids for sorption technologies
Short Time Cycles sorption machines with dual sources of energy
(solar/gas, solar/electricity)
Concept of combined action of Physical Adsorption
and Chemical Reactions
Heat Pipes for sorption heat pumping, solar cooking and refrigerators
Sorption technologies for natural gas and hydrogen storage and
transportation

3. The goal is: TO DESIGN A REFRIGERATOR, which:
would operate without grid electricity;
consuming a cheap energy (solar energy concentrator and autonomous, low pressure adsorbed natural gas storage system);
can be built and maintained in the country of use;
would operate with ammonia, or water as refrigerant;
be light and portable;
be low enough in cost.

4. Sorption heat pump, refrigerator and transformer
Working fluids: ammonia, water, methanol,
CO2 , hydrogen, hydrocarbons
Sorbent materials: silica-gel, zeolite, active carbon, metal chlorides, metal nitrates, metal hydrates, metal carbonates, metal hydrides, ets.
Cycles: heat production, cold production, heat and cold production, heat transformation, heat and cold storage, gas storage and transportation, gas compression
Cascades: one, two, three ,ets.

5. Specific surface for different active carbons (BET)

6. Sorption capacity and specific density of methan adsorption on different active carbons

7. Activated carbon materials as sorbents
Activated carbon fiber “BUSOFIT”
Multiplied by times Multiplied by times Multiplied by 50 times
Activated carbon (timber product)
Activated carbon material (timber product)
Specific pore surface m2 /g
Low cost
Multiplied by 30 times Multiplied by times

8. SORBENT BED – COMPLEX COMPAUND
“Busofit”
“Busofit” + CaCl2

9. NEW SORBENT COMPLEX COMPOUND ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER “BUSIFIT”- METAL CHLORIDE
The most favourable situation for the RESORPTION HEAT PUMPS is the case, when the presence of a liquid phase is impossible +
SALTS : BaCl2 , NiCl2 , MnCl2
ACF “BUSOFIT”
(multiplied in times)
ADVANTAGES OF BUSOFIT
AS A SALT HOST MATERIAL
high rate of adsorption and desorption;
uniform surface pore distribution ( nm);
few macropores ( mm), m2/g;
few mesopores with 50 m2/g;
relatively high thermal conductivity
SALT =
“Busofit” actions as a fast reacting material
COMPLEX COMPOUND
(multiplied in times)

10. Sorption heat machine
condenser
desorber
evaporator
adsorber

11. Three different modification of sorption machine

12. SORPTION-GAS REFRIGERATOR
MAIN DESIGN
HIGH TEMPERATURE PART
LOW TEMPERATURE PART
WATER
LOOP THERMAL CONTROL SYSTEM
AMMONIA REFRIGERATOR

13. SOLAR-ELECTRIC REFRIGERATOR
HIGH TEMPERATURE PART

14. Solar/gas sorption refrigerator

15. SOLID SORPTION REFRIGERATOR
VIEW and CHRACTERISTICS
1 – Evaporator
2 – Adsorber No.1
3 – Adsorber No.2
General view

16. ISOTHERMAL PANEL-HEAT PIPES
Schematic of the “spaghetti” heat pipe panel
Photo of "Spaghetti" heat pipe panels inside the testing chamber
1 – condenser of the heat pipe, 2 – evaporator of the adsorption refrigerator, 3 – porous structure, 4 – heat pipe evaporator

17. Sorption refrigerator for cold generation and drying
1 – sorption heat pipe (SHP),
2 – heat pipe for sorbent bed cooling,
3 – condenser for SHP, 4 – evaporator for SHP , 6 – sorbent material, 7 – cooling chamber,
8 – heat pipe panel “Spaghetti”,
9 –drying chamber, 10 – perforated panel.

18. SOLAR-GAS REFRIGERATOR
MAIN PARAMETERS
Solar-gas reactor
L = 1.2; D = 0.05 m
“Busofit” mass in the reactor
0.75 kg
CaCl2 in one reactor
0.32 kg
Ammonia mass in one reactor
0.92 kg
Water mass in one reactor
1 kg
Ammonia mass in the pulsating HP
0.05 kg
Total mass of the refrigerator
22 kg
Temperature of the hot reactor surface
120 0C
Condenser temperature
50 0C
Cabinet evaporator temperature (without heat pipes)
-18 0C
Heating capacity (W/kg sorbent)
850

19. TWO REACTORS RESORPTION HEAT PUMP
Envelope
Fin
Sorbent
Vapor
volume
Water heat
exchanger
Vapour
entrance
channel
Liquid
Resorption two reactors
heat pump with heat pipe
thermal control
Reactor with sorbent bed
Temperature
and Pressure
Evolutuin
During RHP
Reactors
heating/cooling

20. Three sorbers sorption machine
VAPOUR DYNAMIC THERMOSYPHONS
THE CAPILLARY PUMPED EVAPORATOR
“SPAGHETTI” НЕАТ PIPE
High temperature NiCl2 + “Busofit”, mean temperature MnCl2 + “Busofit”, and low temperature BaCl2 + “Busofit”

21. SIX REACTORS RESORPTION HEAT PUMP
steam
Clapeyron diagram of three-
effect resorption system with a
temperature lift near 100 0C.
Six reactors
Resorption Heat Pump

22. SIX REACTORS RESORPTION HEAT PUMP
Three-effect resorption system (BaCl2 , MnCl2, NiCl2). 1 – cold generation in A3 BaCl2 reactor, 2 – heat generation in B3 BaCl2 reactor, 3 – heat flow in the two-phase water system inside of heat exchangers of MnCl2 and NiCl2 reactors, 4 – energy supply by heat pipe HP1 and HP2 electric heating elements
Temperature field in:
1 – water entrance.
2 – water in A3 BaCl2 reactor,
3 –water in B3 BaCl2 reactor,
4 – water two-phase flows in MnCl2 and NiCl2 reactors

23. Six adsorbers sorption heat pump for heat production and cold generation

24. The ANG vessel 7 cylinders, total volume of 43 dm3 The gas storage capacity of the ANGS ( m3/m3) is nearly twice higher as compared to a traditional compressed NG storage
1 – valve for gas charge; 2 – pressure gauge ; 3 – valve; 4 – joint valve for the car engine gas supply ; 5 – perforated tube for radial gas distribution; 6 –sorbent bed; 7,8 – ANG vessel

25. An advanced 14 cylinder ANG vessel with a heat pipe thermal control inside for methane storage and transportation
1 – vessel envelope; 2 – heating elements (heat pipes); 3 – sorbent bed; 4 – gas channels; 5 – metal fins to heat/cool a sorbent bed

26. ANG systems potential applications
Vessels for vehicles (CNG tanks alternative)
Gas fired solid sorption heat pumps and refrigerators, air-conditioning devices
ANG storage systems - gas holders for peak shaving operations
Gas fired drying chambers
ANG big tanks transportation
LPG (propane) replace systems
Emergency fuel, etc.

27. CONCLUSIONS 1
A solar - gas/electrical solid sorption refrigerator with 1.8 m collection surfaces is an efficient nature friendly sorption machine.
The ratio between solar energy and gas, or electrical energy supply is automatically maintained on the level of 1 kW.
The COPR of the refrigerator is near 0.44.
The combination - an active carbon fiber “Busofit” + CaCl2 in one reactor with the porous evaporator (sublimator) is very promising for the designing of the portable and light autonomous cooler for ground, space and hazardous applications.

28. CONCLUSIONS 2
An experimental set-up based on the COMLEX COMPOUNDS NiCl2, MnCl2, BaCl2 – ACTIVE CARBON FIBER „Busofit“ demonstrated a possibility to have a RESORPTION HEAT PUMP with simultaneous heat (superheated water vapor T = 120 0C – 130 0C) and chilled water production (T = 3 0C – 50C) with COP (without internal and external heat recovery) ~1.2. Heat recovery by the heat pipe thermal regulation and internal mass regeneration between the reactors out of phase could increase this COP up to
The RESORPTION HEAT PUMP with a heat output W is an autonomous, portable device, allowing the user to apply this system in space, or on the ground (underwater, underground) and to supply, or postpone the heating and cooling capacity and to control the heat and cold output. The device has no moving parts, is noiseless and light.
The pressure control regulation of the heat pump action is the most reliable and simple.