1. Paired Watershed Analysis To Evaluate Phosphorus in Beaty Creek, Oklahoma
Andrew Lyon and Daniel Storm
Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering
Oklahoma State University

2. Eucha–Spavinaw Basin Problem
Poultry production is the principle industry in the basin
2,000 poultry houses in basin produce 85 million birds annually, which produce 91,700 tons of poultry litter
Of 48,000 kg/yr of P entering Lake Eucha, 69% comes from runoff from poultry litter applied to permanent pastures
Centrifugal spreader

3. Eucha–Spavinaw Basin Problem
Poultry House Locations
and Soil Test P Levels
Land Cover
Poultry house complex of 3 houses to 15 houses, note concentration near Decatur on Arkansas side.
Phosphorus Mass Balance Issues

4. Eucha–Spavinaw Basin History
1997 – City of Tulsa and OCC water quality study found both lakes were nutrient enriched, which lead to algal production
1999 – Under EPA section 319 program, OCC began to implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) in Beaty Creek basin such as off-site watering and heavy use areas for cattle, pasture improvement, and fencing off of riparian areas
December 2001 – City of Tulsa files suite against six poultry integrators and City of Decatur, AR for polluting Tulsa’s water resources
Watershed team supervised by the court-appointed special master

5. Eucha–Spavinaw Basin History
2003 – Out of court settlement resulted in $7.5 million payment from poultry industry to City of Tulsa
During 2003 a full moratorium on litter application in the basin
From 2004 to 2008 at least 1/3 of litter must be transported out of basin
Anyone who uses litter must have approved nutrient management plan
Producers and Ranchers
Court approved watershed management team develop plans

6. Paired Watershed Approach History
1950’s – Inception of approach, primarily used to evaluate effect of forestry practices in Northwest
1980’s – Paired Watershed Studies began to be employed to evaluate BMP effects in agricultural settings
1993 – U.S. EPA adopted a uniform paired watershed study design, approach became the most appropriate for documenting BMP effects over relatively short time periods

7. Paired Watershed Approach Conditions of Use
Requires two watersheds
Control and a treatment
Two periods of study, calibration and treatment
Control watershed has constant management during total duration of study
Treatment watershed undergoes a change in management during the treatment period, such as implementing BMPs
Data are collected in both watersheds before and after the BMPs are implemented
Two periods are compared, assuming a quantifiable relationship exists in water quality between the two watersheds until a change is made in one of the watersheds, then a new relationship will exist

8. Paired Watershed Approach Conditions of Use
Does not assume water quality is the same in each watershed
Assumes both watersheds respond in a predictable manner due to experiencing the same weather
Controls weather influence and other environmental factors, which is the primary reason to use the paired watershed study approach
ANCOVA used to test significance between periods
Regression Analysis is used to quantify differences between periods, if any.

9. Paired Watershed Approach Limitations
Basins should be close in proximity to assume they experience the same weather
Basins hydrology should be similar
Bedrock and surficial geology
Slope
Soils
Land cover and land use
Size

10. Study Results Previous OCC Study
In August 1999 the OCC began a project to document BMP effectiveness in Beaty Creek Basin
Paired watershed study design was used with Little Saline Creek Basin was as the calibration watershed
Calibration period: Sept 1999 to Sept 2000
Treatment period: Sept 2003 to Sept 2004
Published in 2005, % reduction in total P
Practices included riparian management, buffer and filter strips, streambank stabilization, animal waste storage facilities, pasture establishment and management, heavy use areas for cattle production and instillation of septic systems (OCC 2005). Specifically in the Beaty Creek basin, implemented BMPs included protecting 330 acres of riparian area by installing 34 off-site watering facilities and establishing 9.4 miles of fencing. They improved pastures on 7,135 acres in the watershed by reducing nutrient runoff through prescribed grazing strategies, implemented nutrient management plans, and planting 1,683 acres of pasture that was formerly either cropland or poorly vegetated pasture (OCC 2005). Other BMPs were implemented in the basin by the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) EQIP program. The NRCS only tracks dollars spent on BMP implementation on a county level and not a watershed level, so quantifying the amount spent from this program in the Beaty and Spavinaw Creek basin is very difficult.

11. Study Methods Build upon existing OCC project
Use full two year calibration and treatment periods
Beaty Creek was paired with Little Saline Creek
Calibration period: Sept 1999 to Sept 2001
Treatment period: Sept 2003 to Sept 2005

12. Study Results Periods were significantly different at the 0.086 level
31% reduction in total P
Due to BMPs, reduced poultry litter application, and possibly other unknown influences

13. Summary and Discussion
Practices implemented in Beaty Creek,
OCC implemented BMPs
NRCS EQIP implemented BMPs
Reduction in poultry litter application, i.e. litter exported out of basin
Analysis showed a 31% total P reduction, 9/2003 to 9/2005 (treatment period)
Actual total P load increased during treatment period
A cause and effect link between BMPs and water quality cannot be shown as all the factors that affect the response to the treatment are not controlled.
An association relationship between these practices and water quality allows us to infer that the reduction in stream total P was likely the result of these activities