2. Sustainable Energy Technologies MSE0290
Miscellaneous

3. Contents
Cogeneration
Fuel cells
Geothermal

4. Cogeneration

5. Cogeneration POWER ONLY ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT FUEL MECHANICAL ENERGY
USEFUL POWER
FUEL
MECHANICAL ENERGY
WASTE HEAT
WASTE ENERGY
STEAM CYCLE
COOLERS – HEAT IS WASTED
ENGINE OR TURBINE

6. Cogeneration COGENERATION ELECTRICITY POWER PLANT FUEL
USEFUL POWER
FUEL
MECHANICAL ENERGY
HEAT
USEFULL HEAT
STEAM CYCLE
ENGINE OR TURBINE

7. Cogeneration
COGENERATION
POWER PLANT
ELECTRICITY
USEFUL POWER
FUEL
MECHANICAL ENERGY
HEAT
USEFULL HEAT
COGENERATION: power, and/or heat (example:district heating), and/or mechanical energy, and/or steam and/or cooling
Source:

8. Cogeneration COGENERATION IS SUISTANABLE WAY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION
GENERAL SUMMARY
COGENERATION IS POSSIBLE WHEN
CONSUMERS ARE AVAILABLE
AND SUPPLY OF PRODUCED ENERGY IS
FEASIBLE (COMPETETIVE) PRICE.
COGENERATION IS SUISTANABLE WAY OF
ENERGY PRODUCTION
… significant economic, energy and environmental benefits would result from increased policy commitment to CHP.

9. FUEL CELLS

10. CORE ELEMENT – HYDROGEN
FUEL CELLS
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
CORE ELEMENT – HYDROGEN
Some feedstock and process alternatives
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11. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
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12. FUEL CELLS the carbon dioxide release
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION – Steam reforming
Steam and hydrocarbon enter the reactor as feedstock, and hydrogen and carbon dioxide are generated at the end of the process. The process is governed by the reactions
High temperature (catalyst nickel)
Low temperature (catalyst copper or iron)
the carbon dioxide release
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13. FUEL CELLS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION - Electrolysis
More types: ALKALINE ELECTROLYZERS, SOLID OXIDE ELECTROLYZERS
Read more:

14. FUEL CELLS
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION - Solar Conversion
Researchers in Germany have made a breakthrough with the development of a cost-effective and efficient solar fuel device that can store nearly 5% of solar energy in the form of hydrogen. Read more: 
31. JULY 2013

15. FUEL CELLS - Materials for anode and cathode
FC MAIN TYPES
MAIN DIFFERENCES
- Materials for anode and cathode
- Electrolyte (solid, liquid, toxic, etc)
- Operating temperatuure
COSTS
APPLICATIONS
READ MORE:

16. FUEL CELLS R&D. Example Fachhochschule Stralsund
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17. FUEL CELLS GRID OPERATION R&D. Example Fachhochschule Stralsund
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TRANSPORT

18. ? FUEL CELLS Hydrogen vehicles
Source: ?

19. SUSTANABLE HYDROGEN IN GENERAL: FUEL CELLS
Sustainable electricity or biomass to produce HYDROGEN
means
SUSTANABLE HYDROGEN

20. FUEL CELLS Availability
Source:

21. Geothermal

22. GEOTHERMAL
POTENTIAL – TEMPERATURE GRADIENT
Potential

23. GEOTHERMAL Global electricity generation in 2013 was 23 322 TWh
STATISTICS
Geothermal typically provides base-load generation, since it is generally immune from weather effects and does not show seasonal variation. Capacity factors of new geothermal power plants can reach up to 95%. The base-load characteristic of geothermal power distinguishes it from several other renewable technologies that produce variable power.
In 2012, global geothermal power capacity was 11.4 GW and generated around 72 TWh of electricity. Geothermal electricity provides a significant share of total electricity demand in Iceland (25%), El Salvador (22%), Kenya and the Philippines (17% each), and Costa Rica (13%).
Global electricity generation in 2013 was TWh

24. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production 1. Dry steam plants
2. Flash steam plants
3. Binary plants
Enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS)

25. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production
1. Dry steam plants, which make up about a quarter of geothermal capacity today, directly utilise dry steam that is piped from production wells to the plant and then to the turbine. Control of steam flow to meet electricity demand fluctuations is easier than in flash steam plants, where continuous up-flow in the wells is required to avoid gravity collapse of the liquid phase

26. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production
2. Flash steam plants, which make up about two-thirds of geothermal installed capacity today, are used where water-dominated reservoirs have temperatures above 180°C. In these high-temperature reservoirs, the liquid water component boils, or “flashes,” as pressure drops.

27. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production
….. separated steam is piped to a turbine to generate electricity and the remaining hot water may be flashed again twice (double flash plant) or three times (triple flash) at progressively lower pressures and temperatures, to obtain more steam.
Chemistry Challenges in Geothermal Power Generation. I . Richardson, S. Addison, R. Lawson

28. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production
Binary plants constitute the fastest-growing group of geothermal plants, because they are able to also use the low- to medium-temperature resources, which are more prevalent. Binary plants, using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or a Kalina cycle, typically operate with temperatures varying from as low as 73°C (at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska) to 180°C.
In these plants, heat is recovered from the geothermal fluid using heat exchangers to vaporise an organic fluid with a low boiling point (e.g. butane or pentane in the ORC cycle and an ammonia-water mixture in the Kalina cycle), and drive a turbine. Today, binary plants have an 11% share of the installed global generating capacity and a 44% share in terms of the number of plants.

29. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production
Binary plants. Binary plants, using an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) or a Kalina cycle. typically operate with temperatures varying from as low as 73°C (at Chena Hot Springs, Alaska) to 180°C.

30. GEOTHERMAL
The process of a organic Rankine using R11 as the working fluid
TECHNOLOGIES
Electricity production
Working fluids. Examples. HCFC123 (CHCl2CF3), PF5050 (CF3(CF2)3CF3), HFC-245fa (CH3CH2CHF2), HFC-245ca (CF3CHFCH2F), isobutene ((CH3)2C=CH2), n-pentane and aromatic hydrocarbons

31. GEOTHERMAL Kalina cycle TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production
It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid. 
Mainly: ammonia-water as working fluid
For Advanced Kalina Cycle ohter mixtures

32. GEOTHERMAL ORC versus Kalina cycle TECHNOLOGIES Electricity production

33. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES EGS
Geothermal technologies using hot rock resources could potentially enable geothermal energy to make a much larger contribution to world energy supply. Technologies that utilize hot rock resources are also known as enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS). These systems aim at using the earth’s heat where no or insufficient steam/hot water is available or where permeability is low. EGS plants differ from conventional plants only as far as heat/steam extraction is concerned. EGS technology, therefore, is centred on engineering and creating large heat exchange areas in hot rock. The process involves enhancing permeability by opening pre-existing fractures and/or creating new fractures.

34. GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES Heat production
Geothermal energy can also provide heat. Even geothermal resources at temperatures of 20°C to 30°C (e.g. flood water in abandoned mines) may be useful to meet space heating demand or other low-temperature applications. Geothermal “heat-only” plants can feed a district heating system, as can the hot water remaining from electricity generation, which can also be used in applications demanding successively lower temperatures. Because transport of heat has limitations, geothermal heat can only be used where a demand exists in the vicinity of the resource

35. GEOTHERMAL
GENERAL SUMMARY
Conventional geothermal is a mature technology that can provide baseload power or year-round supply of heat.
The resource can be exploited only in favourable regions (a constraint that can be relaxed when EGS systems are ready to be commercialised).
Matching heat demand to resource availability can be difficult given the costs and difficulty of transporting heat long distances.