1. Chapter 9: Islam and the Arab Empire

2. Do Now:
What are some of the characteristics of a world religion?

3. Characteristics of World Religions
God/Gods
Holy Book
Location
Beliefs
Prayers

4. The First Muslims 7th century Arab people
Nomads and organized tribes
Tribes were independent
Came fro the Arabian Peninsula- desert land
Arabs were farmers and sheepherders
Towns developed along the routes Arabs used to trade

6. Early Arabs Early Arabs were polytheistic
When Islam became a religion- switched to monotheism
Muslim people believe in one god named Allah
Muslim people worship a massive black meteorite

7. Kaaba

8. Life of Muhammad Born in Mecca Merchant family Orphaned at 5
Became a caravan manager
Married a rich widow Khadija
Muslims believe Muhammad received revelations from God through the angel Gabriel

9. Muhammad Muhammad knew of Judaism and Christianity
Muhammad believed that the final revelations of Allah were given to him
The revelations were written down: Quran
Quran is the holy book of Islam.
Means “peace through submission to the will of Allah”
Quran contains ethical guidelines and laws by which the followers of Allah are to live

10. Muhammad Muhammad returned home after revelations
Wife- Khadija- urged Muhammad to follow the message
Khadija was the first to convert to Islam
Muhammad later set out to convert others
Wealthy did not like his message- they feared it would disrupt social and political order in Arabian Peninsula
Muhammad’s followers were persecuted
Muhammad and followers fled from Mecca to Medina

11. Hijrah- Move from Mecca to Medina

12. From Mecca to Medina
Muhammad and closest followers moved from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE
Medina “city of the prophet”
Journey from Mecca to Medina is known as the Hijrah
Medina supporters of Muhammad- known as Bedouins
Muhammad became a political and religious leader

13. From Medina to Mecca
Muhammad and followers went back to Mecca in 630 CE
Muhammad visited the Kaaba and declared it a religious shrine
All Muslims are strongly encouraged to make the pilgrimage to the Kaaba- known as the hajj

14. The Five Pillars

15. Faith Declaring that there is only one god, Allah
Allah is all powerful being who created the universe and everything in it
Islam emphasizes salvation and offers hope of an afterlife

16. Salat (prayer)
Muslims pray five times a day facing their holy city of Mecca.
Usually pray on a prayer mat/rug

17. Zakat (alms/charity)
Giving money and services to the poor

18. Sawm- fasting Muslims fast during the feast of Ramadan
Ramadan is a month long celebration
Muslims refrain from food and drink from sunrise to sunset

19. Hajj- Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage to Mecca to see the Kaaba

20. Ramadan A month long (changes every year)
From dawn to sunset- no eating, drinking, smoking, or “indulging”
Ask for forgiveness

21. Jihad Means “to struggle in God’s service” Personal duty
Focus on overcoming immortality within themselves
Holy war to defend Islam and the Muslim community
A “just” holy war may be only declared by the community, not by an individual or small group

22. Mosque
Muslim place of worship

23. Muezzin
The crier who calls the Muslim faithful to prayer from the minaret of a mosque

24. Minaret
The tower of a mosque from which the muezzin calls the faithful to prayer five times a day

25. Rules of Behavior
Must practice honesty and justice in dealing with others
Forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, engage in dishonest behavior
Family life based on marriage
Women must wear veils:
Hijab- general term for veil; headscarf covering face and neck
Chador- cloak that covers the full body with a headscarf under
Burka- a veil that completely covers the body and face

26. Hijab

27. Chador

28. Burka

29. Quran Revelations of Muhammad
Final authority on all matters and provides a guide to life for Muslims
Direct and unchangeable word from God
Converts to Islam must learn Arabic to understand the text completely

30. Shari’ah Helps people interpret the Quran
This system of law acted as means to unite Muslims of differing backgrounds
Important when starting to build a new Muslim empire
Regulates moral behavior, family life, business, government, community
Does not separate religious and worldly matters
Applies the Quran to all situations and aspects of life

31. Caliphate
Please take out your chapter 9 outline.

32. Umayyad Dynasty 661-750 CE Mu’awiyah Governor of Syria Rival to Ali
Muhammad’s son-in-law who was assassinated
Became caliph
Made caliph office hereditary
Making the caliph hereditary and not from the family of Muhammad would cause a split in Islam

33. Split of Islam
Shia- a Muslim group hat accepts only the descendants of Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali as the true rulers of Islam
Sunni- a Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam

34. Abbasid Dynasty
Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad and established the Abbasid Dynasty
Ruled from s
Descendants of Muhammad’s uncle
Built a new capital in Baghdad
Increased Persian influence
Baghdad became the center of trade that extended into Asia, Africa, and Europe

35. Golden Age of Abbasid Caliphate
Know for charity and lavish support on artists and writers
During this time, Arabs conquered many of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire and controlled trade routes to the East.
Baghdad became the center of trade
Spread of knowledge

36. Decline and Division Fighting over the succession of the caliphate
Harun al-Rashid- two sons fought to succeed him- almost destroyed the city of Baghdad
Financial corruption
Caliphs began to recruit officials from among non-Arabs such as Persian and Turks

37. Trade Sahara- gold and slaves China- silk and porcelain
Eastern Africa- gold and ivory
Southeast Asia and India- sandalwood and spices
Egypt- grain
Iraq- linens, dates, precious stone
Trade caused the rise of Fatimids- trade center shifted from Baghdad to Cairo

38. Islamic Society
Baghdad, Cairo, and Damascus were centers of cultural, administrative, and economic activity
Islamic cities- had palaces for caliphs and local governors and great mosques for worship
Bazaar- covered market
According to Islam- all are equal in the eyes of Allah

39. Status of Women Islam teaches spiritual equality of men and women
Quran protected women in ways that society did not
Women could be educated
Had consent to marriage
Men required to pay a dowry

40. Dome of the Rock
Houses the rock where Muhammad reportedly ascended into heaven
Located in Jerusalem
One of the most sacred sites in Islam

41. Decline and Division
Problems over succession plagued the Abbasids and weakened their rule
Wealth caused corruption
Rulers of different provinces began to break away from the establishment and created their own caliphates
Largest group was the Seljuk Turks

42. Seljuk Turks Nomadic people from central Asia
Converted to Islam and prospered as soldiers for the Abbasids
Moved into present day Iran and took over Baghdad
1071: began putting pressure of the Byzantine Empire to convert it to Islam

43. The Mongols Pastoral people from China Genghis Khan was their leader
Took over a great deal of land
1258: Captured Baghdad- burned schools, libraries, mosques, palaces
Ended the political Muslim empire, Islam continued to expand and convert people