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Chapter 1 The Meeting of Cultures
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How many Native Americans were there in 1492?
We don’t know for sure Historians disagree Estimates range from million
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Why are historians unable to come to an agreement?
There are no written records on population and the natives were devastated by disease before Europeans had contact with most natives
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Natives of the South
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The Aztecs, Mayas and Incas all had cities and were agriculture based economies
What will the economies of the European settlers be based on?
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Mayan ruins in Belize
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Inca ruins at Machu Picchu
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Aztec ruins
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agriculture Natives of the North Not large empire as in the South
Some utilized : hunting/gathering/fishing Most groups: agriculture
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Geography had great impact on economics and lifestyle
Large game hunters had to move Pacific coast tribes based on salmon fishing built permanent settlements Southwest tribes used irrigation on dry lands
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Eastern Woodland Indians
Primarily agricultural This allowed many to be settled Some moved due to overproduction of land
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Groups were linked by common linguistic roots
The largest Algic or Algonquin Spoken from East coast to Rockies by 30 different sub-groups
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The most elaborately organized group was the Iroquois Confederation
Seneca Onondaga Oneida Cayuga Mohawk
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Like other people around the world religion was tied to the natural world
Natives often had gods associated with crops, game and weather
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Work was often divided by gender, but not all tribes divided the same way
All tribes had women care for children, cook and gather certain foods All tribes had men do the hunting, clear land and fight
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Some tribes had the men do the farming: Pueblos
Others had the women farm: Algonquin, Iroquois, Muskogee
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Men could be gone for extended periods for hunting or war
Since the women were always around they often controlled the social and economic organization for a band
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1. Countries are getting more united under a stronger government
Why does Europe expand? 1. Countries are getting more united under a stronger government 2. Trade = $ $ = POWER Trade = POWER
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Trade means profit for both the individual and the country
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From the crusades and adventurers like Marco polo the West knew of exotic goods like spices and silk
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Overland trade route was limited by its length and was dominate by the Italians
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The first to search for a new route were the Portuguese who go around Africa
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Columbus sails for Spain and tries a new route
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3 Stages of the Spanish Empire
Discovery and Exploration Age of Conquistadores Organization of colonies
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Conquistadores did very well- Spanish America produced 10 times the amount of gold and silver from as the rest of the world
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After the conquistadores came, others set up for profit agricultural society and wanted to establish European civilization
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The Church plays a big part in spreading European culture when the Jesuits come
Why do they come? Reformation
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Catholic missions established all through the empire
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The first settlement in what is now the U. S. was St
The first settlement in what is now the U.S. was St. Augustine in Florida A more successful effort was started in 1598 in the southwest (New Mexico)– inhabited by the Pueblo Indians
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Spanish used Encomienda – licenses to force natives to perform labor and give tribute
What European system is this based on? Feudalism
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Bartolome Las Casas Juan de Sepulveda
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Tension are calmed when:
Spanish use less harsh methods Church is successful in converting natives
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By 1680 there are 2000 Spanish and 30,000 Pueblo
Economy based around cattle and sheep
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While many natives have converted, they still follow some traditional religious practices
When Catholic priests attempt to stop this, the natives rise up and drive the Spanish out of Santa Fe Pueblo Revolt 1680
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Spain returns in 1696 and gets control back
Change tactics to keep natives in line Assimilate Indians * baptize Indian children at birth * enforce Catholic rituals but look other way at Indian religion
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2. Allow Indians to own land and stop forcing labor
By 1750 there are 4000 Spanish and 13,000 Pueblo Why?
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Spanish empire was top-down in structure
The crown had control and colonists has no real input in government
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Economics were based on for profit enterprises especially mining and plantations
Spain does not worry about fostering trade or food production
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The tight control and regulation of the crown restricted economic development
Example: limited the number of ports that could be used
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COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE The Columbian Exchange was the widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, diseases, technology and ideas between the Americas and Europe following the voyage to the Americas by Columbus in 1492,
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What had the greatest impact from this exchange?
Disease
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Diseases such as measles, influenza and especially small pox had devastating effect on natives
Hardest hit were the islands and isolated areas Hispaniola is estimated to have lost 99% of its population
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Disease mixed with the conquistador policy of subjugation and extermination resulted in a dramtic decline in population
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Another result was a mixing of the culture as a result of the attempt to restrict(crush) native culture and the spread of Christianity
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As Spanish men outnumbered women there were mixed marriages
The children were known as mestizo Casta System established
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Each side received new crops and livestock
Europeans brought: sugar, banana, cattle, pigs, sheep and horses Got: corn squash, potato, tomato and beans
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Indians were the primary labor source at first
With disease killing so many there was a need to find a new source This is especially important on the islands
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The solution to this for Spain was the African slave trade
Dominated at first by the Portuguese and later by the Dutch
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Escaped slave attempt to set up free settlements called Maroon Communities found in Central and South America and the Caribbean
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