1. Colonization of
the
Americas
Overview of
Chapters 1-5
American Pageant

2. THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES
COLONIZATION AND
THE IMPACT ON NATIVE PEOPLES
PEOPLE MIGRATED TO NORTH AMERICA
EUROPEANS EXPLORED
SPAIN
ENGLAND
FRANCE
HOLLAND

3. Pre-Columbian time period.
First Americans came from Asia
Crossed the Bering Strait during the Ice Age
Following a food source
Gradual migration

4. LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN NORTH AMERICA AND ASIA
ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE HAS BEEN DISCOVERED THAT SHOWS THE SEA LEVELS WERE LOWER AND EXPOSED A LAND BRIDGE BETWEEN THE TWO CONTINENTS ABOUT 70,000 YEARS AGO
EXPERTS POSTULATE DIFFERENT EXACT ARRIVAL DATES FOR HUMANS BUT THE EVIDENCE INDICATES THAT HUMANS LIVED THROUGHOUT NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA BY 10,000 B.C.E.
LAND BRIDGE
ASIA
NORTH AMERICA

6. Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s
04/06/98
Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

7. PRE-EUROPEAN CONTACT TO THE 1700s ON THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT
GEOGRAPHY HELPED SHAPE CULTURES AMONG THE DIVERSE NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES
IN THE SOUTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA, TRIBES TENDED TO SETTLE IN ONE PLACE AND PRACTICE AGRICULTURE
IN THE GREAT PLAINS, TRIBES HUNTED LARGE GAME LIKE BUFFALO AS WELL AS CULTIVATING FOOD
IN THE EAST, TRIBES USED THE VARIOUS WATER SOURCES FOR TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND FISHING AS WELL AS RAISING CROPS

8. MANY OF THOSE DESIRES FOR EXPLORATION HAD ALREADY EXISTED FOR CENTURIES, SO WHAT CHANGED?
1543 GLOBE
NEW TECHNOLOGY:
COMPASS
GLOBE
RUDDER
IMPROVED SHIP BUILDING TECHNIQUES AND DESIGN
QUADRANT (IMPROVED ABILITY TO DETERMINE LATITUDE BASED ON ALTITUDE OF STARS)
MAPS FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES
MARCO POLO’S WRITINGS

9. EFFECTS EUROPEAN EXPLORATION 1400 TO 1600
European explore
EFFECTS
Europeans reach and settle Americas
Expanded knowledge of world geography
Growth of trade, mercantilism and capitalism
Indian conflicts over land and impact of disease on Indian populations
Introduction of the institution of slavery
Columbian Exchange

10. European Colonization
Once the New World is discovered, the Big 4 four European countries begin competing for control of North America and the world….
Spain
England
France
Portugal
This power struggle ultimately leads to several wars.

11. Voyages of European Exploration
04/06/98 16 17 17 17

12. The Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain versus Portugal

13. The Spanish Spanish first to pursue colonization
Start in Caribbean, then Central and South America—most important was conquest of Aztecs by Cortez (1521) and Incas by Pizzaro (1531)
First permanent colonies in what will become United States are founded by Spain
St. Augustine (Florida) is founded (1565) to protect Spanish treasure fleets

14. AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.
SPANISH EXPLORATION
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, AN ITALIAN NAVIGATOR, CONVINCED THE KING AND QUEEN OF SPAIN TO FUND AN EXPEDITION TO FIND A WESTERN ROUTE TO THE RICHES OF ASIA.
THE PORTUGUESE HAD SAILED THE ROUTE AROUND AFRICA AND THEREFORE DOMINATED THE EASTERN ROUTE.
AT THE TIME MAPS OF THE WORLD DID NOT INCLUDE THE AMERICAS.

15. Columbus’ Four Voyages

16. COLUMBUS AND HIS CREW ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD”, PROBABLY IN THE BAHAMAS. IT WAS CALLED THAT BECAUSE AT THE TIME NO MODERN EUROPEAN NATION WAS AWARE OF THE CONTINENT’S EXISTENCE. VIKINGS HAD EXPLORED PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE 1000s BUT THEY DID NOT STAY.

17. Spanish Exploration Columbus Balboa Cortes Pizzaro De Leon De Soto
Coronado
Vespucci

18. SPAIN CONTROLLED MOST OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA, MUCH OF THE CARIBBEAN, AND PARTS OF NORTH AMERICA. HOWEVER TERRITORY THAT LARGE WAS DIFFICULT TO CONTROL AND THEREFORE WAS OPEN TO ATTACK. OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES HAD SEEN THE RICHES BROUGHT BACK BY SPAIN AND WERE EAGER TO STAKE A CLAIM.

19. 04/06/98
A World Transformed
Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration
They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans
Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

20. Spanish Conquests & Colonies
The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor
Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

21. Spanish-American Culture
The Spanish conquerors would establish the encomienda system
Encomienda – a system of villages granted to a privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat
Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries and contributing wealth to the empire
Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy conquistadores and at the other the impoverished natives

22. Spanish soldiers who came to the New World to help conquer and settle the Americas for Spain.
Some of their methods were harsh and brutal especially to the Native American population.
With every Spanish explorer were conquistadors and members of the Catholic Church to convert Native Americans.

23. DISEASE PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN THE COLONIZER’S SUCCESS
PRIOR TO EUROPEAN ARRIVAL IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AS MANY AS 50 MILLION PEOPLE LIVED IN THE AMERICAS
ALTHOUGH SMALLPOX, MEASLES, AND INFLUENZA WERE WIDESPREAD THROUGHOUT EUROPE, THE DISEASE HAD NEVER INFESTED NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA
NATIVE AMERICANS HAD NO IMMUNITY TO THESE NEW DISEASES
IT IS BELIEVED THAT AS MANY AS 90 PERCENT OF THE POPULATION WAS WIPED OUT WITHIN 75 YEARS OF CONTACT
ALTHOUGH THERE WERE MANY INSTANCES WHERE NATIVE AMERICANS RESISTED EUROPEAN COLONIZATION, DISEASE CONTRIBUTED GREATLY TO EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

24. The Columbian Exchange

25. EUROPE RECEIVED COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE AMERICAS RECEIVED
FOOD
CORN, WHITE POTATOES, PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE, TOBACCO
SUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY, OATS, WINE GRAPES
ANIMALS
TURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS, RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS
HORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS, COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN
DISEASES
SYPHILIS
SMALLPOX, MEASLES, INFLUENZA
RELIGION
CHRISTIANITY
WEAPONS AND TOOLS
GUNS AND IRON TOOLS

26. How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture?
New Products
Especially Cutting tools, metal
Loss of Land
Loss of Liberty
Diminishing of Culture
Language
Customs
Religion

27. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Money
Three times the gold and silver in Europe
Inflation
More money in more hands …
… More People wanting more goods …
… More People making more goods …
… Industrial Revolution

28. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Food
Corn
Tomatoes
Peppers
Chocolate
Pineapples
Sweet Potatoes
Potatoes ***
Health, Nutrition
Economic

29. How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations?
Recreation
Lacrosse
Tobacco
Chocolate
Government
Iroquois Confederacy
“Federalism” in the US Constitution

30. The Horse
The introduction of the horse would forever transform the Native American cultures of the US
Tribes such as those of the Great Plains converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic within a very short period of time after acquiring and breeding a significant horse population
Following the buffalo herds became the focus of Native society

31. Spanish Exploration of the US
Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing centers of trade
Juan Ponce de Leon – explored Florida
Hernando de Soto – explored the Southeast US
Francisco Coronado – explored the Southwest US
St. Augustine – the oldest surviving settlement in the US, established in 1565 in Florida
Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving today
Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US
By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the New Mexico territory