1. Essential Question:
How did the changes of the “Roaring 20s” clash with traditional American values?
Warm-Up Question:
What part of the 1920s we’ve talked about so far might cause CONFLICT??

2. Life in the 1920s The 1920s were an era of change:
Increased wealth, consumerism, leisure time, & new forms of entertainment led to a “Jazz Age”
By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas
Rural Americans reacted to these changes by attacking behaviors they viewed as “un-American”
THE NEW URBAN SCENE At the beginning of the 1920s, New York, with a population of 5.6 million people, topped the list of big cities. Next came Chicago, with nearly 3 million, and Philadelphia, with nearly 2 million. Another 65 cities claimed populations of 100,000 or more, and they grew more crowded by the day. Life in these booming cities was far different from the slow-paced, intimate life in America’s small towns. Chicago, for instance, was an industrial powerhouse, home to native-born whites and African Americans, immigrant Poles, Irish, Russians, Italians, Swedes, Arabs, French, and Chinese. Each day, an estimated 300,000 workers, 150,000 cars and buses, and 20,000 trolleys filled the pulsing downtown. At night people crowded into ornate movie theaters and vaudeville houses offering live variety shows. For small-town migrants, adapting to the urban environment demanded changes in thinking as well as in everyday living. The city was a world of competition and change. City dwellers read and argued about current scientific and social ideas. They judged one another by accomplishment more often than by background. City dwellers also tolerated drinking, gambling, and casual dating— worldly behaviors considered shocking and sinful in small towns.
For all its color and challenge, though, the city could be impersonal and frightening. Streets were filled with strangers, not friends and neighbors. Life was fast-paced, not leisurely. The city demanded endurance, as a foreign visitor to Chicago observed.

3. Prohibition

4. Prohibition
In 1920, the 18th Amendment went into effect & Prohibition began:
Supported by rural Protestants who believed drinking led to crime, abuse, & job accidents
26 states had already outlawed alcohol before 1920
The Volstead Act made the sale, manufacture & transportation of alcohol illegal

5. Prohibition: A “Noble Experiment”

6. The U.S. Treasury Dept was in charge of enforcing the Volstead Act

7. As a result of prohibition, alcohol consumption declined

8. Prohibition But, many urban Americans resisted prohibition:
Most immigrants considered drinking part of socializing
Wealthy urban Americans wanted to enjoy themselves
Bootleggers made illegal alcohol & rum runners smuggled foreign alcohol into the country
Secret saloons (speakeasies) were created to sell booze
Eventually, Prohibition’s fate was sealed by the government, which failed to budget enough money to enforce the law. The Volstead Act established a Prohibition Bureau in the Treasury Department in 1919, but the agency was underfunded. The job of enforcement involved patrolling 18,700 miles of coastline as well as inland borders, tracking down illegal stills (equipment or distilling liquor), monitoring highways for truckloads of illegal alcohol, and overseeing all the industries that legally used alcohol to be sure none was siphoned off for illegal purposes. The task fell to approximately 1,500 poorly paid federal agents and local police—clearly an impossible job.
SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS To obtain liquor illegally, drinkers went underground to hidden saloons and nightclubs known as speakeasies—so called because when inside, one spoke quietly, or “easily,” to avoid detection. Speakeasies could be found everywhere—in penthouses, cellars, office buildings, rooming houses, tenements, hardware stores, and tearooms. To be admitted to a speakeasy, one had to present a card or use a password. Inside, one would find a mix of fashionable middle-class and upper-middle-class men and women. Before long, people grew bolder in getting around t he law. They learned to distill alcohol and built their own stills. Since alcohol was allowed for medicinal and religious purposes, prescriptions for alcohol and sales of sacramental wine (intended for church services) skyrocketed. People also bought liquor from bootleggers (named for a smuggler’s practice of carrying liquor in the legs of boots), who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba, and the West Indies. “The business of evading [the law] and making a mock of it has ceased to wear any aspects of crime and has become a sort of national sport,” wrote the journalist H. L. Mencken.
ORGANIZED CRIME Prohibition not only generated disrespect for the law, it also contributed to organized crime in nearly every major city. Chicago became notorious as the home of Al Capone, a gangster whose bootlegging empire netted over $60 million a year. Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition. During the 1920s, headlines reported 522 bloody gang killings and made the image of flashy Al Capone part of the folklore of the period. In 1940, the writer Herbert Asbury
recalled the Capone era in Chicago. By the mid-1920s, only 19 percent of Americans supported Prohibition. The rest, who wanted the amendment changed or repealed, believed that Prohibition caused worse effects than the initial problem. Rural Protestant
Americans, however, defended a law that they felt strengthened moral values. The Eighteenth Amendment remained in force until 1933, when it was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment.

9. Rum Runners smuggled booze from Canada, the Caribbean, & Europe

10. Bootleggers & moonshiners made illegal booze
Why are they called “bootleggers”?

11. Speakeasies were secret saloons or nightclubs

12. Prohibition
Prohibition had some negative effects on America in the 1920s:
Smuggling & bootlegging increased crime & lawlessness
Organized crime grew & took control of the illegal alcohol trade
Mob bosses paid off politicians, judges, & police departments
The federal gov’t could not enforce prohibition effectively
By the mid-1920s, only 19 percent of Americans supported Prohibition. The rest, who wanted the amendment changed or repealed, believed that Prohibition caused worse effects than the initial problem. Rural Protestant Americans, however, defended a law that they felt strengthened moral values. The Eighteenth Amendment remained in force until 1933, when it was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment.

13. Organized crime grew in American cities, especially in Chicago where Al Capone’s gang was dominant
To control the liquor trade, mobsters resorted to bloody gang killings; The most notorious was the St. Valentines Day Massacre in 1929
Gangster Al Capone made $60 million per year in bootlegging & became a notorious icon

14. Prohibition
By the end of the 1920s, only 19% of Americans supported prohibition
The strongest defenders of prohibition were rural Americans
But, most Americans believed prohibition caused more problems than it solved
In 1933, the 21st Amendment ended prohibition
By the mid-1920s, only 19 percent of Americans supported Prohibition. The rest, who wanted the amendment changed or repealed, believed that Prohibition caused worse effects than the initial problem. Rural Protestant Americans, however, defended a law that they felt strengthened moral values. The Eighteenth Amendment remained in force until 1933, when it was repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment.

15. The Rise of Prohibition (4.31)
Optional Prohibition Film Clips
The Rise of Prohibition (4.31)
Prohibition & Corruption (3.05)
Al Capone (4.33)

16. Intolerance

17. Intolerance in the 1920s
In the 1920s, America experienced a new wave of nativism:
800,000 Southern & Eastern European immigrants arrived each year in the early 1920s
Rural folks associated immigrants with “anti-American” cultures: non-Protestant religions & supporters of anarchy or socialism

18. The Red Scare
In 1917, Lenin led the Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution & created the 1st communist gov’t
During WWI & 1920s, Americans feared a similar revolution in the U.S.
Eugene Debs formed an American Socialist Party & ran for president
Unskilled workers were unhappy with low wages & went on strike

19. Red Scare in America

20. Sacco & Vanzetti
During the Red Scare, suspected immigrants were under attack:
In 1920, two Italian immigrants named Sacco & Vanzetti were arrested & charged with murder
Sacco & Vanzetti were anarchists (believed in no gov’t) but claimed to be innocent of the crime
With only circumstantial evidence, they were found guilty & executed

21. Sacco & Vanzetti

22. Immigration Restrictions
In 1921 & 1924, the gov’t passed new laws restricting immigration:
These laws created quotas that placed a maximum number on how many immigrants could enter the United States
The laws discriminated against Southern & Eastern European immigrants & Asian immigrants

24. National Origins Act & the Sacco/Vanzetti Trial Video (2.19)

25. The Ku Klux Klan
The 1920s saw an increase in membership in the Ku Klux Klan:
The KKK promoted traditional values & “100% Americanism”
Used violence & fear to attack African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, Jews, unions, socialists
By 1924, the KKK had 4.5 million members & elected politicians to power in several states
3 distinct lives of the KKK: 1st Klan aimed at Reconstruction was disbanded in nd Klan aimed at cultural changes of early 20th century existed from 1915 to 1944; 3rd Klan emerged in 1946 aimed at growing civil rights movement & communism
As a result of the Red Scare and anti-immigrant feelings, different groups of bigots used anti-communism as an excuse to harass any group unlike themselves. One such group was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). The KKK was devoted to “100 percent Americanism.” By 1924, KKK membership reached 4.5 million “white male persons, native-born gentile citizens.” The Klan also believed in keeping blacks “in their place,” destroying saloons, opposing unions, and driving Roman Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born people out of the
country. KKK members were paid to recruit new members into their world of secret rituals and racial violence. Though the Klan dominated state politics in many states, by the end of the decade its criminal activity led to a decrease in power.

26. The 1st KKK disbanded when Reconstruction ended in the 1870s, but the 2nd KKK formed in 1915 to protect rural, Christian values

27. The KKK supported Protestant, white American values, including prohibition
The KKK was anti-Catholic & anti-immigrant (many “new immigrants were Catholic)

28. D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915) was one of the most controversial films in movie history. Set during & after the Civil War, the film glorifies white supremacy & the KKK

29. At its height in the 1920s, the KKK had 4.5 million members nationwide

30. Religion

31. Religious Fundamentalism
In the 1920s, rural Americans found comfort in religious fundamentalism (a literal interpretation of the Bible)
Disliked the immigrants, flappers, socialists they saw in cities
Evangelists used the radio to broadcast Christian messages
Rejected many modern scientific theories; Towns in the South & West outlawed teaching evolution

32. Religious Fundamentalism
In 1925, teacher John Scopes was arrested in Dayton, TN for teaching evolution in his biology class
The Scopes trial was a fight over evolution and the role of science and religion in public schools and in American society. The trial opened on July 10, 1925, and almost overnight became a national sensation. Darrow called Bryan as an expert on the Bible—the contest that everyone had been waiting for. To handle the throngs of Bryan supporters, Judge Raulston moved the court outside, to a platform built under the maple trees. There, before a crowd of several thousand, Darrow relentlessly questioned Bryan about his beliefs. Bryan stood firm, a smile on his face. Darrow asked Bryan if he agreed with Bishop James Ussher’s calculation that, according to the Bible, Creation happened in 4004 B.C. Had every living thing on earth appeared since that time? Did Bryan know that ancient civilizations had thrived before 4004 B.C.? Did he know the age of the earth? Bryan grew edgy but stuck to his guns. Finally, Darrow asked Bryan, “Do you think the earth was made in six days?” Bryan answered, “Not six days of 24 hours.” People sitting on the lawn gasped. With this answer, Bryan admitted that the Bible might be interpreted in different ways. But in spite of this admission, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100. The Tennessee Supreme Court later changed the verdict on a technicality, but the law outlawing the teaching of evolution remained in effect. This clash over evolution, the Prohibition experiment, and the emerging urban scene all were evidence of the changes and conflicts occurring during the 1920s. During that period, women also experienced conflict as they redefined their roles and pursued new lifestyles

33. The Scopes “Monkey Trial” was a national sensation
ACLU attorney Clarence Darrow defended Scopes; Represented urban America, science & modernity
Scopes was found guilty & fined $100, but evolutionists believed they won because Darrow got Bryan to admit that the world might not have been made in six 24 hour days
Former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan served as prosecutor; Represented fundamentalism & rural America

34. Scopes “Monkey Trial” Video (stop at 2:00)

35. Conclusions America in the 1920s experienced a decade of change:
Wealth, consumerism, credit, cars, radios, advertising
Pro-business gov’t attitude & isolationist foreign policy
New freedoms for women & African Americans
Attempts by tradition-minded rural folks to protect against the rapid changes of America

36. In the United States, the decade of the 1920’s was characterized by
1. a willingness to encourage immigration to the United States
2. increased consumer borrowing and spending
3. the active involvement of the United States in European affairs
4. major reforms in national labor legislation

37. The 1920’s are sometimes called the "Roaring Twenties" because
A. foreign trade prospered after World War I
B. the United States assumed a leadership role in world affairs
C. political reforms made government more democratic
D. widespread social and economic change occurred
Which events best support the image of the 1920’s as a decade of nativist sentiment?
the passage of the National Origins Act and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan
the Scopes trial and the passage of women’s suffrage
the Washington Naval Conference and the Kellogg-Briand Pact
the growth of the auto industry and the Teapot Dome Affair
After World War I, which factor was the major cause of the migration of many African Americans to the North?
the start of the Harlem Renaissance
increased job opportunities in Northern cities
laws passed in Northern States to end racial discrimination
Federal Government job-training programs

38. Closure Activity: The Urban vs. Rural Debate
In the chart below your notes:
Write a sentence that describes the changes of the 1920s from the perspective of an urban & rural American
On each side, include 3 images for each side that represent these different perspectives

39. The 1920s