1. -Brain Imaging Techniques-
CT Scan: Computerized Tomography Scan
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PET Scan: Positron Emission Tomography Scan
EEG: Electroencephalogram or electrical recordings

2. CT Scans: An x-ray of the brain.
A CT scan is essentially a computerized assembly of several x-ray images taken from a series of different angles. With a CT, the resolution is much better than conventional x-rays, and the detail that can be seen is much greater. 

3. Tumor in Wernicke’s Area
        MRI is a noninvasive imaging technique that does not use x-rays.   The process involves passing a strong magnetic field through the head.  The magnetic field used is 30,000 + times that of the earth's magnetic field.  It's effect on the body, however, is harmless and temporary.  The MRI scanner can detect radiation from certain molecules, which are present in different concentrations in different tissues. 

4. P E T S C A N
PET measures the emission of positrons from the brain after a small amount of radioactive isotopes, or tracers,  have been injected into the blood stream.  A common example is a glucose-relative with embedded fluor-18.   With this molecule, the activity of different regions of the brain can be measured.  The result is a three-dimensional map with the brain activity represented by colors. 

5. After Implant of Dopamine-secreting Tissue
Brain Development in First Year of Life

6. Alert
Deep Sleep

7. The Evolution of the Brain

9. Major Brain Regions: Brainstem
Pons
Connects brainstem with
cerebellum - Involved
in arousal and sleep T h a l m u s C o r p c H y t P n M e d S i b
Cerebellum
Coordination of voluntary
movement and
sense of equilibrium C e r r

10. Major Brain Regions: Midbrain
Part of the brainstem between
the hindbrain and the
forebrain T h a l m u s C o r p c H y t P n M e d S i b
Concerned with
certain sensory
processes and
dopamine production
Reticular Formation
Regulates sleep, wakefulness & arousal
Midbrain
Modulates muscle reflexes,
breathing & pain perception.

11. THALAMUS
It relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions. Sort of a requisite 'last pit stop' for information going to cortex.
Axons from every sensory system (except olfaction) synapse here as the last relay site before the information reaches the cerebral cortex

12. Major Brain Regions: Forebrain
Hypothalamus
Regulates basic needs
fighting, fleeing
feeding, and
fornicating T h a l m u s C o r p c H y t e b x P n M d S i
Cerebrum/Cerebral Cortex
Limbic System
Involved in regulation of emotion, memory & motivation e

14. Amygdala Hippocampus Involved with emotions – fear, happy, sad, angry
Emotion and Memory are closely connected.
Hippocampus
Is particularly involved with memory phenomena, especially with the formation of long-term memory

15. The pituitary gland may be king, but the power behind the throne is clearly the hypothalamus.

16. Major Brain Regions: Cerebral Cortex
Convoluted outer layer of cerebrum
Responsible for learning, memory, thinking, sensation and consciousness

17. Structure of the Cortex
1/8th inch
thick
30 billion nerve cells billion Glial cells.
Each nerve cell makes 10,000 contacts each.
Approximately 300 trillion connections.

18. Lobes of Cerebral Hemispheres
primary motor
cortex
primary
somatosensory
cortex
primary auditory
cortex
primary visual
cortex
Temporal (“tones”) - Devoted to auditory processing
Occipital (“objects”) - Devoted to visual processing
Parietal (“pressure”) - Devoted to sense of touch
Frontal (“??”) - Devoted to control of muscle movement, decision-making and behavioral functions (e.g., personality)

19. Motor
Area
Sensory
Area

20. Cerebral Laterality Idea of Hemispheric Specialization
Broca’s Area
Important in
the production
of speech
Wernicke’s
Area
Important in
the
comprehension
of language
Idea of Hemispheric Specialization
(“Left/Language & Right/Visual-Spatial”) leads to
Split Brain Research by Sperry & Gazzaniga

21. Speaking the Heard Word
LANGUAGE CENTERS
Disrupts Understanding
Disrupts Speaking
Speaking the Heard Word
Speaking the Written Word
Angular Gyrus
Speak & Understand, Unable to Read

22. (Right side of the brain controls the Left side of the body)
Cerebral Hemispheres
Corpus Callosum
200 million nerve fibers
that connect Left & Right
hemispheres.
Allows communication
between two sides
of the brain.
Each hemisphere’s primary connections
are to the opposite side of the body
(Right side of the brain controls
the Left side of the body)

24. HE ART Split Brain What effect does cutting the Corpus Callosum
Left
Visual
Field
Right
Visual
Field
Split Brain
What effect does
cutting the
Corpus Callosum
have on behavior?
HE ART l
“Say what you saw
Vs.
Point at what you saw”
Retina
Optic
Chiasm
Thalamus
Left
Visual
Cortex
Right
Visual
Cortex
Corpus
Callosum

25. Central Nervous System
CNS is nourished and protected by
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Blood-Brain Barrier
Semi-permeable membrane-like
mechanism that prevents some chemicals
from passing between the bloodstream
and the brain