1. The Cold War and Postwar Hostility &Tension
Coach Ross
American History

2. Satellite States Satellite States:
_______ which, _____ _____ ___ __, were _______ ___________ by the Soviet Union and adopted __________ governments.
Most of _______ Europe, including ______, Czechoslovakia, ______, Romania, _______, and ____Germany, fell under Soviet control.

3. Iron Curtain
Term first used by _______ _________ to describe Soviet __________ of Eastern ______.
The “Iron Curtain” ________ the entrance of Western _____ to the ____ & did not allow east __________ to _______ to the _____ during the ____ ___.

4. Truman Doctrine U.S. _______ ______ during the Cold War.
The United States gave ________ aid to nations __________ against __________ movements in an effort to keep __________ from _________.

5. George F. Kennan / Containment
George F. Kennan – American ________ and _______ authority on the ________ ______; In 1947 Kennan’s article titled “The Sources of Soviet ______” presented a blueprint for the American ____ towards the _______ _____known as __________.
Containment – The U.S. ____ to keep _________ _________ within its _______ _______.

6. Marshall Plan
(1948) Named for its creator, Secretary of State John C. ________.
Under the Plan the United States ______ about $__ _______ in ______ and ____to nations in ________ Europe to help them _______ following World War II & ________ __________ governments.

7. Berlin Airlift
(June 1948 – May 1949) ____ and ______ planes ________ Democratic _____ _____ with ____, ____, _______ _____, ______, and other necessities through ________ deliveries, __________ Stalin’s attempt to _______the city, which was located in the ______ of __________ East Germany.

8. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) / Warsaw Pact
NATO – (1949) ___ alliance of 12 __________ _______ European and North _________ nations which agreed to ______ Western Europe from Soviet _________.
Warsaw Pact – (1955) ________ alliance of the Soviet Union and its _________ _______ which _______ to defend one another if ________.

9. Reflection #1
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Section 1:
How would having control over satellite states benefit the Soviet Union if it became involved in a European war? (At least 1 sentence)
How did U.S. foreign policy after World War II differ from U.S. foreign policy after World War I? (At least 2 sentences)
What options besides containment might Truman have considered in response to Soviet expansion? (At least 1 option and 1 sentence)

10. Jiang Jieshi / Mao Zedong
Jiang Jieshi – (AKA Chiang Kai-Shek) ____________ leader of China who, though _________ by the U.S., was _________ in the Chinese Civil War and forced to flee to Taiwan in 1949.

11. Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong – Chinese __________ who, after nearly 20 years of war, _______ in _______ the People’s _______ of China in 1949, a communist ______ allied with the ______ ______.

12. Reflection #2 Why did American aid to Jiang’s Nationalists fail to prevent Mao’s communists from taking control of China? (At least 1 sentence)
Before ______ invaded _____ in 1937, Nationalist leader Jiang Jieshi, known in the United States as Chiang Kai-Shek, had been fighting a _____ ____ against __________ led by Mao Zedong.
Although Jiang and Mao ________ joined forces in an ______ alliance to ____ Japan, the _____ ___ resumed with a new ____ after the war ended.

13. The Soviet Union ________ Mao, while the United States sent several Billion _______ in ___ to Jiang.
American leaders feared that Jiang’s ______ would ______ a __________ superpower _________ most of _____.

14. Jiang’s regime proved _______ to the task
Jiang’s regime proved _______ to the task. Nationalist generals were ________ to fight. And, while masses of Chinese people faced __________, corrupt officials ________ U.S. aid _______ into their own ________. By ________ to _____ the people, ___ won _________ support.

15. In 1948, Mao’s forces _______ the war
In 1948, Mao’s forces _______ the war. Jiang ________ for American military ____________. However, the U.S. government had __ intention of _______ American ______ to support the _______ Jiang. In 1949, _____ fled the ______ ________, taking control of the large _______ island of _______.
Mao’s _______ then took _____ of the world’s most ________ country, _____.

16. 38th Parallel
_______ at which was ___ the ________ line _______ _____ and _____ Korea _____ World War II by the U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. The ____ still _____ the _____ between the two __________ nations today.

17. 38th Parallel……

18. Douglas MacArthur
General who led ________ troops in the ______ War. From September to November 1950 MacArthur’s _______ succeeded in _______ _____ Korean troops to the Yalu River, its border with China, but then were _______ back to the 38th parallel by the _____ army in January

19. Limited War
Limited War – Military __________ fought to achieve only _______ goals; President Truman, who _________ a _______ war in ______, ______ with General _________, who argued for _____ war against _________ in Asia.
MacArthur’s ______ criticism of Truman and calls for the ___ of _______ weapons against _____ led Truman to __ him for __________ in

20. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)
Military _______ sponsored by the ______ _____ in ____ during the ____ ___ to ____ the ______ of ________ in ____; Similar to _____, member _______ agreed that if ___ individual _____ were attacked then ___ would respond with ________ force.

21. Reflection #3: How did the way in which Truman handled the Korean crisis affect the powers of the presidency? (At least 1 sentence)
Truman did not ___ Congress for a _______ declaration of ___, as ____ by the __________. However, supported by the UN ___________, Truman _______ American troops who were _________ in _____ to _____ to South Korea. The soldiers were mainly _______ troops who had not been _______ for forced marches in ________ rains or heavy ______in rice paddies, nor did they have the military ________needed to stop the ________.

22. Truman and Korea….
Soon, they _______ their South Korean ______ in retreating to the ________ corner of the peninsula near the city of Pusan. There, the _____ held fast. As fresh _______ and _____ arrived from _____, (Why Japan? At least 1 sentence) solders from other UN ______ joined the American and South Korean forces.

23. Truman And Korea The war had an ______ long-term _____.
Truman had _________ U.S. troops to _______ without a ________ declaration of ___.
This set a _______ that future Presidents would ______.

24. Assignment
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Section 2:
Why did American aid to Jiang’s Nationalists fail to prevent Mao’s communists from taking control of China? (At least 1 sentence)
How did General MacArthur’s decision to advance toward the Yalu River change the course of the Korean War? (At least 1 sentence)
How did the way in which Truman handled the Korean crisis affect the powers of the presidency? (At least 1 sentence)

25. Arms Race / Mutually Assured Destruction
Arms Race – Competition between _______ to achieve _________ in number and quality of _______. During the Cold War the _______ ______ and the ______ _____ engaged in the ______ arms ___ in human _____, stockpiling ______ weapons and other ______ technology.
Mutually Assured Destruction – Understanding between the ______ and the ______ that the full-scale use of nuclear weapons ____ result in the __________ of both the _______ and the _________.

26. John Foster Dulles / Massive Retaliation / Brinkmanship
John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State under President Eisenhower; Dulles _______ _______ the _______ _______ after WWII and, as the nation’s _____ diplomat, supported ________ nuclear _______ to prevent _______ U.S. involvement in minor _____, such as the Korean War.
Massive Retaliation – U.S. _______ ____during the Cold War; The U.S. would _______ to communist _______ to its allies by threatening to use ___________ force, including _______ weapons, _______the Soviets.

27. continued……..
Brinkmanship – Dulles’ approach to _______ with the ____.; Going to the ______ of ____ in order to protect _______, discourage communist _______, and prevent war.

28. Nikita Khrushchev
New leader of the _____ ____ following the death of Joseph Stalin in 1953; Khrushchev was a ________ and a determined opponent of the ____, but he was not as ________ or ____ as Stalin.
In 1955 Khrushchev met with President Eisenhower in Geneva, ______both the Soviet Union and the United States ___ that the two powers could _________ co-exist.

29. Nationalized / Suez Crisis
Nationalized – Placing a private _______ under government ______; In 1956 the Egyptian government, led by president Gamal Nasser, ________ the Suez Canal, threatening the __of oil ___ the ______ _____ to Europe.
Suez Crisis (1956) – In response to Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal, a _______ of ______, _______, and Israeli troops _____ the _____ from Egypt. U.S. President Eisenhower’s ______ to support the coalition’s _____ forced them to withdraw their _____, diffusing the crisis.

30. Eisenhower Doctrine Eisenhower Doctrine –
American ________ policy that the United States would use _____ to help any Middle Eastern nation _______ by ____________. This _________ would be used to _______ deploying American ______ to Middle Eastern nations __________the Cold War.

31. CIA
Central Intelligence Agency – Established by _______ in 1947 as an intelligence ________organization; Eisenhower approved _____ CIA operations to _____ American interests _________. In 1953 and 1954 the CIA provided ___ to rebels in _____ and Guatemala, ______ anti-___________ leaders in power, but _________ longer- term ___________ against the USA.

32. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Created by ____ in 1958 to coordinate the _____ ______ efforts of American ________ and the ______;
The Soviet ______ of the first ______ (Sputnik) in 1957 _______ American interest in ______-_____, leading to a “space race” ______ the two world _________.

33. Assignment
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 25, Section 3:
1. Do you think that the massive retaliation policy favored by John Foster Dulles successfully deterred the Soviet Union? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence.
2. How were the covert operations of the CIA in Guatemala and Iran different from the military operations of the United States Army in Korea? (At least 1 sentence)
3. Were American justified in being alarmed when the Soviets launched Sputnik I ? Explain your answer in at least 1 sentence.

34. Red Scare / Smith Act
Red Scare – Widespread ____ of __________; During the 1940s and 1950s ______ experienced its _______ Red Scare.
Smith Act (1940) – Law which _____ teaching or _______ for the violent __________ of the US government. During the Red Scare of the 40s and 50s American ______ used the Smith Act to _______ the American __________ Party.

35. House Un-American Activities Committee / Hollywood Ten
House Un-American Activities Committee Established by the House of Representatives in 1938; the HUAC ________ possible _______ by fascists, Nazis, or _________ in the United States, ____ into all ______ of American ______, including the _________, armed forces, ______, education, science, and newspapers.

36. Hollywood ten Hollywood Ten
Group of ______ writers, directors and producers who _____ to answer _______ regarding their political _______ in front of the ____ in The ten were _____, ________ and _________ for contempt of Congress.

37. Alger Hiss
Alger Hiss – High-ranking _______ government official who, in 1948, was ________ of being a ______ spy. Hiss initially _____ the charges but the _____, led by California ____________ Richard Nixon, _______ evidence leading to Hiss’ conviction for _______ and arrest. .

38. Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
Jewish-Americans who were ____and convicted of sending _____ of the ______ ____ to the Soviet Union; The Rosenberg's were the _____ and only _______ executed for _________ during the ____ _____of the 1950s.

39. Joseph R. McCarthy / McCarthyism
Joseph R. McCarthy – Wisconsin Senator who, beginning in 1950, made a series of shocking accusations that communists had infested various parts of the United States government and military.
McCarthyism – Extreme anticommunism; From to 1954 Senator McCarthy bullied and badgered witnesses, twisted testimony, and accused any who opposed him of being communists in Senate hearings. When these hearings were televised in 1954 the American people turned against McCarthy, leading to the end of the Red Scare.

40. McCarthyism McCarthyism –
____ anti-________; From ____ to ____ Senator McCarthy ______ and _________ witnesses, ______ testimony, and ______ any who ______ him of being ________ in Senate hearings. When these hearings were _______ in 1954 the American people turned _____ McCarthy, leading to the ___ of the Red ______.

41. Assignment #4
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned from Chapter 25, Section 4:
Were Americans correct in worrying that domestic communists endangered their security? Why? (At least 1 sentence)
How do movies reflect the values of a society? (At least 1 sentence)
How effective was McCarthy’s campaign against communists in government? (At least 1 sentence)

42. Demobilization / GI Bill of Rights
Demobilization – Decreasing the ____ and ______ of the ______; Following the defeat of Germany and Japan in 1945 President Truman began ________, decreasing the ____ of the military by July 1946 to only 3 million troops.
GI Bill of Rights – Law enacted ____ WWII which _______ returning ________ with a year of __________payments, financial ____ to attend ______, and government _____ to buy _______ and start _________.

43. Baby Boom
The greatest population increase in American history; Between 1940 and 1955, the U.S. population grew 27%, from 130 to about 165 million.

44. How did the baby boom impact the postwar economy? (At least 1 sentence)

45. Baby boom cont….
Upon their return, soldiers quickly made up for lost time by marrying and having children. Americans had put off having children because of the depression and war. Now, confident that the bad times were behind them, many married couples started families.
This led to what population experts termed a baby boom. In 1957, at the peak of the baby boom, one American baby was born every 7 seconds, a grand total of 4.3 million for the year. One newspaper columnist commented, “Just imagine how much these extra people… will absorb – in food, in clothing, in gadgets, in housing, in services…”

46. Taft-Hartley Act
Law which _________ workplaces in which only ______ ______ can be _____;
Congress _____ the law in ______ to an increase in _____ nationwide in order to _____ a drop in ________ following WWII.

47. Fair Deal
Legislative ________ announced by President Truman ______ his upset victory in the 1948 presidential election. Its ______ was to strengthen ___New Deal _______ and establish ____ programs, such as national ______ _________; however, the Republican- ________ Congress ______ to support Truman’s ______, leading to a ____ in Truman’s ________.

48. Fair Deal

49. Assignment #5
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned:
Why was the government willing to give billions of dollars in assistance to returning World War II veterans? (At least 1 sentence)
How did the baby boom impact the postwar economy? (At least 1 sentence)
After the war, Truman faced challenges with labor unions. Would you consider Truman as working for or against organized labor? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)

50. Levittown / Suburb
Levittown –
America’s first ____-produced _____ home community, built in _____ on Long _________, New York by developer William Levitt. The _____ family _____ sold for $8,000 and ______ thousands of ____ veterans and their _____ families.
Levitt’s _______ led to the ________ of hundreds of similar _______in American _______ nationwide, with 40 million ______moving to the ______ between and 1960.

51. Interstate Highway Act
(1956) Authorized _____ to build 41,000 _____ of highway consisting of _______ expressways that would _______ the nation’s ______ cities.
This ___ provided _____, eased ________ from suburbs to ______, and boosted travel and _______ industries in the United States.

52. What were the benefits of the Interstate Highway Act
What were the benefits of the Interstate Highway Act? What were the disadvantages? (At least 2 sentences)
The scale of suburban growth would not have been remotely possible without a massive federal program of highway building. Committed to the idea of easing automobile travel, President Eisenhower authorized the first funding of the interstate system in Further legislation passed by Congress in 1956 resulted in the Interstate Highway Act. This represented the biggest expenditure on public works in history, bigger by far than any project undertaken during the New Deal. Besides easing commutes from suburbs to cities, the new highways boosted the travel and vacation industries. Families traveled to national and state parks, to the beach, and to new destinations, such as Las Vegas. Urban and suburban growth created environmental concerns, ranging from traffic jams and smog to water shortages. In the 1960s and 1970s, environmental groups would begin to grapple with some of the byproducts of this growth.

53. Sunbelt
Name given to the _______ and ______ states; After World War II millions of Americans, seeking a ______ climate and job ______, moved to the _______ states of _____, ________, and _________.

54. Service Sector / Information Industries
Service Sector – _______ that provide _______, such as _________, ___, ______, _______, or _________. In the post-WWII era Americans ___________ founds jobs in this sector of the ______, moving away from _________ _________ jobs.
Information Industries – _____-_____, office jobs _______ on calculating, _______, and storing _________, including the ________ and _______of the first computers.

55. Franchise Business / Multinational Corporations
Franchise Business – Corporation which allows a company to distribute its products or services through retail outlets owned by independent operators. Examples include fast food chains, such as McDonald’s, and hotels, such as Holiday Inn.
Multinational Corporations – Companies that produce and sell their goods and services all over the world and establish branches abroad. Examples include Coca-Cola, Kraft, and Wal-Mart.

56. AFL-CIO
National workers union formed in 1955 by the merger of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations;
The AFL-CIO became a major force in the Democratic Party, but the rise in white- collar, non-union jobs weakened the union movement overall.

57. California Master Plan
Educational ____ which _____ for three tiers of higher _______ in the state of _____ during the 1950s:
1. Research Universities, 2. State Colleges, and 3. Community Colleges.
The ______ was _______ to make higher ______ more _______ and ________to average citizens.

58. Assignment #6
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned:
What were the benefits of the Interstate Highway Act? What were the disadvantages? (At least 2 sentences)
How did the Sunbelt states benefit from the growth of the automobile and air conditioning industries?
Do you think it was easy for people in declining manufacturing industries to switch into the service sector? Explain your answer. (At least 1 sentence)

59. Consumerism / Median Family Income
Consumerism – Buying as much as ________; In the _______ era American ______ skyrocketed, often with ______ made on ______.
Median Family Income – ______ Family Income; During the 1950s the _____ family _______nearly _______, contributing to the ______ of consumerism among American ________.

60. Consumerism

61. Nuclear Family / Dr. Benjamin Spock
A household _________ of a ______ and _____ and their ________; During the 1950s _________ in the United States ______ that the nuclear ______ was the ________ of American _______, and if it began to fall ______ so would the _____.
Dr. Benjamin Spock –
______ of the best selling book on _______ in the 1950s, Common _____ Book of ____ and Child Care. The book emphasized the _______ of nurturing ______from _____ to the ____ years, suggesting that parents _____ not _____ about ______ their children because ______ could not get too ____ comfort and _____.

62. Jonas Salk / Lucille Ball
Jonas Salk – Doctor and ______ of the _____ _______ in 1954; Salk’s vaccine virtually ________ the disease worldwide by 1960.
Lucille Ball – ______ and ____ of the most ______ TV show of the _____ and early _____, I Love Lucy; 50 ______ Americans watched the show each _____ and its ______ of ________ American life in which ______ and major _____ problems did not ______.

63. Question #3: Why was television a better medium than radio for consumerism? (At least 1 sentence)
In 1938, when television was still just a curiosity, E.B. White, author of Charlotte’s Web, wrote that it “is going to be the test of the modern world… We shall stand or fall by the television.” While White’s view may have been exaggerated, clearly television has had an enormous impact on American society. Between 1945 and 1960, Americans purchased television sets at a faster pace than they had bought either radios or cars during the 1920s. The popularity of this new technology threatened the movie industry because families stayed home to watch TV rather than go out to watch movies at the theater.
Although television attracted viewers of all ages, it had a special influence on children. Baby boom children rushed home from school to watch the Howdy Doody Show or the Mickey Mouse Club. Children also watched hours of cartoons and shows featuring their favorite superheroes, such as the Lone Ranger. Westerns were especially popular during the 1950s and early 1960s. Among the most memorable shows were sitcoms about families. Fifty million Americans tuned in each week to watch the I Love Lucy show. Other popular family sitcoms included Leave it to beaver, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet and Father Knows Best.
Even before television emerged in the 1950s, a mass national culture had begun to develop in the United States. National broadcast radio programs, Hollywood films, and other forms of popular culture had helped erode distinct regional and ethnic cultures. Television sped up and reinforced this process. Americans in every region of the country watched the same shows and bought the same goods they saw advertised.

64. Rock-and-Roll / Elvis Presley
Popular music _____ of the 1950s and 1960s; ____ music _______ in the ______and _____ (R&B) traditions of ________Americans, becoming ______ in the _______ and then spreading _______ thanks to ________ such as Chuck Berry, B.B. King, and _____ ________.
Elvis Presley –
The ____ of Rock and Roll; Elvis _____ from being a shy, lower-_____ southern boy to becoming the _____popular Rock ______ of all time. His first hit, “______ ______”, sold in the ________ in 1956.

65. Reflection #7
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned:
In what ways was the mood of the 1950s different from the mood of the 1930s? (At least 2 sentences)
Why do you think the nuclear family became more important during the 1950s? (At least 1 sentence)
Why was television a better medium that radio for consumerism? (At least 1 sentence)

66. Beatniks
Small _______ of American _______ and _______ who, during the 1950s, _________the _________ and _________ of American _______.

67. Inner City / Urban Renewal
Inner City – The _____, central ____of a ____ with ______ neighborhoods in which low- ______, usually _______, groups ____. Since WWII these areas have been _____for ____ living ________, inadequate _______and housing, and _________ crime rates.
Urban Renewal – Projects created by _____, state, and local ___________ designed to ____ older ______, build ______ and encourage _______ in order to “________” downtown _____.

68. Reflection #8
Answer the following questions based on what you have learned:
Summarize the arguments made by critics who rejected the culture of the fifties. (At least 1 sentence)
During the 1950s, many middle-class Americans were unaware of poverty. Are poor people invisible today? Explain. (At least 1 sentence)