1. World War II ( )
Lesson 4 A War on Two Fronts

2. Lesson 4 A War on Two Fronts
World War II ( )
Lesson 4 A War on Two Fronts
Learning Objectives
Analyze the reasons for and impact of the Allies’ “Europe First” strategy.
Explain why the battles of Stalingrad and Midway were major turning points in the war.
Discuss how the Allies put increasing pressure on the Axis in North Africa and Europe.

3. Lesson 4 A War on Two Fronts
World War II ( )
Lesson 4 A War on Two Fronts
Key Terms
Dwight Eisenhower
George S. Patton, Jr.
Omar Bradley,
unconditional surrender
saturation bombing
strategic bombing
Tuskegee Airmen
Chester Nimitz
Battle of Midway

4. Allied Strategy
The attack on Pearl Harbor brought America into World War II on the Allied side. By June 1942, the Allies were battered but still fighting. British pilots had fought off a Nazi invasion of their island, while at the Battle of Coral Sea, the U.S. Navy had frustrated Japanese plans to extend their domination in the Pacific. Though years of fighting lay ahead, the Allies spied signs of hope.

5. Allied Strategy
German troops march through Berlin, Germany, to mark the surrender of France in Interpret What does this photo suggest about the power of the Axis armies during the early years of the war?

6. Allied Strategy
Analyze Charts How were the goals of the countries fighting in World War II similar and different?

7. The European Front
The first blow America struck against the Axis was by fulfilling Roosevelt's promise to be the 'arsenal of democracy.' American factories turned out millions of tons of guns, tanks, and other supplies—enough to keep the Soviets and British battling Germany for years. The problem was delivering the weapons, food, and medical supplies that fueled the Allied war machine.

8. The European Front War in the Atlantic
Soviets and Nazis Battle for Stalingrad
War in North Africa
Allies Take Over North Africa

9. The European Front
American sailors watch as Allied bombers attack a German U-boat, A few minutes after this photo was taken, the U-boat was sunk.

10. The European Front
Analyze Maps Use the information on the map to summarize the course of World War II in Europe before the Battle of Stalingrad. Support your answer with evidence from the map.

11. Axis Powers on the Defensive
Germany was now on the defensive, and the Allies planned to keep it that way. In January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill met in Casablanca, Morocco, to plan their next move. The conference resulted in two important decisions. First, the Allies decided to increase bombing of Germany and invade Italy. Second, Roosevelt announced that the Allies would accept only unconditional surrender, or giving up completely without any concessions. Hitler, Mussolini, and Tojo could not hope to stay in power through a peace agreement.

12. Axis Powers on the Defensive
Italy Surrenders
Allied Bombers Attack Germany

13. Axis Powers on the Defensive
American soldiers wade ashore during the Allied invasion of Italy, 1943.

14. Axis Powers on the Defensive
The B-24 Liberator , shown here in a cross-section, was the king of American bombers during the war, faster than previous planes and able to fly on longer missions while carrying more bombs.

15. Turning Points in the Pacific
While the Allies pursued their 'Europe First' strategy, they did not ignore the Pacific. Through May 1942, Japanese forces continued to advance with seemingly unstoppable momentum. They had attacked American, British, and Dutch colonies, winning control of the Philippines, Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Wake Island, Guam, and Burma. Then, the United States struck back. The American success at the Battle of Coral Sea in May 1942 served as a warning that the war in the Pacific was about to change.

16. Turning Points in the Pacific
Americans Triumph at Midway
Americans Take the Offensive

17. Turning Points in the Pacific
Analyze Maps Why was the location of Midway Island so significant? Make Predictions What impact would a Japanese victory at Midway have on the war in the Pacific?

18. Turning Points in the Pacific
The American aircraft carrier USS Enterprise, at left, under Japanese attack during the Battle of Midway. Explosions from bombs and gunfire are visible as dark smoke in the sky.

19. Quiz: Allied Strategy
The relationship between the Allies was complicated by
A. American neutrality in the first years of the war in Europe.
B. Soviet mistrust of Western intentions.
C. American concerns over Japanese aggression in the Pacific.
D. British concerns over its border security in the Atlantic.

20. Quiz: The European Front
Why did the Allies decide to wage a campaign in North Africa rather than the European mainland?
A. It would require fewer resources and pave the way for an Allied invasion of Italy.
B. It would allow the Allies to gain control of the precious oil fields in the Middle East.
C. It would force the Axis to retreat from Stalingrad and give the Soviets a chance to regroup.
D. It would prevent the Axis from receiving reinforcements from Japan’s Indian Ocean fleet.

21. Quiz: Axis Powers on the Defensive
U.S. and British forces struck a major blow against the Nazis’ capacity to make war by
A. helping drive them out of the Soviet Union.
B. forcing Italy to surrender and change sides.
C. cutting off its access to the rich Caucasus oil fields.
D. strategically bombing Germany’s major industrial centers.

22. Quiz: Turning Points in the Pacific
4. The Battle of Midway is considered one of the major turning points of the war because
A. it effectively destroyed Japan’s ability to launch airstrikes.
B. it eliminated Japan’s main refueling station for its air force.
C. it bought U.S. forces more time to focus on the war in Europe.
D. it halted the Japanese advance and put them on the defensive.