1. Unit 11 WWI, The Great Depression, & WWII

2. Warm Up

5. Unit 11 Vocabulary
Ally – A country that agrees to help another country achieve a common goal.
Patriotism – Love or devotion for one’s country.
Consumer goods – product created for personal use, such as clothing, radios, and refrigerators.
Stock – Ownership in a corporation usually divided into shares and represented by a certificate
Crash – A sudden decline or failure.
New Deal – The set of programs and policies designed to promote economic recovery and social reform introduced by FDR.
Great Depression – The longest and worst depression in U.S. history; 1929-WWII.
Unemployment rate – the percentage of people who are out of work.
Black Tuesday – Record amount of money lost in the stock market.
Drought – A long period of dryness; going for a period of time with little or no rain.
Black Blizzard – Dust storms so fierce that the sun is completely blocked out for hours at a time.

6. World War I
1914 – World War I began, but the U.S. remained neutral (stayed out of the war).
German submarines sank ship (the Luisitania) carrying American passengers. This forces the U.S. into the war! In April, President Woodrow Wilson officially declares war against Germany.

7. The Zimmerman Telegram
German diplomat, Arthur Zimmerman, sent a secret-code telegram to Mexico.
In telegram, Germany promised to help Mexico regain its “lost territories” of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico in exchange for its support.
News reaches the U.S. and Texas; they are furious!

8. Texas and World War I
About 200,000 U.S. troops are Texans. 25% are African Americans.
Texas is excellent for training troops because of wide open spaces and many connecting railroad networks.
Training camps include:
1. Kelly Field in San Antonio – world’s largest flight training school
2. Camp Logan near Houston
3. other camps in Waco, Fort Worth

9. Texas Soldiers in the War
The War caused significant changes for Texas soldiers.
1. many got health and dental care for the first time.
2. many had never before traveled outside of Texas.
3. many received more education and specialized training.

10. Texans Support the War at Home
Texans encouraged to “Do your bit” at home to support troops by:
buying war bonds and
liberty loans
2. buying war stamps
3. giving to the Red Cross
4. ration food supplies

11. Wartime Prosperity in Texas
Businesses, industries, farmers, and ranchers prospered during the War because they produced many things for the troops.
Items included:
1. cotton/wool = tents, uniforms
2. leather = boots
3. meat/grain = food supplies
4. petroleum industry = gas, lubricants for machinery
Farmers, ranchers went into debt to expand farms for wartime production.

12. The Roaring 20’s The new concept of “credit” People were buying:
Automobiles
Appliances
Clothes
Fun times reigned : Bohemian Lifesyle.
Dancing
Drinking
Jazz
The term "Bohemian" is applied to people who live unconventional, usually artistic, lives.

13. Credit System (1920s) Why was this bad?
People didn’t really have the money they were spending
WWI
The U.S. was a major credit loaner to other nations in need
Many of these nations could not pay us back

14. The Stock Market People bought stocks on margins Stocks fall
If a stock is $100 you can pay $10 now and the rest later when the stock rose
Stocks fall
Now the person has less than $100 and no money to pay back

15. Texas in the 20s - Urban Texas
1920s - Texas changed from a rural, agricultural state to an urban one in which people had more leisure time.
Most homes now had:
1. electricity, phone service
2. refrigerators, electric appliances
3. washing machines, irons, vacuums

16. Texas in the 20s - Ku Klux Klan
Ku Klux Klan was a secret anti-minority organization formed during Reconstruction
Used violence against victims (African Americans, Jews, Catholics)
1920s – very influential in Texas politics

17. Texas in the 20s - Against the KKK
Many Texans fed up with Klan’s violence and elected anti-Klan Miriam “Ma” Ferguson as Governor. First woman to be elected Governor in Texas!

18. Texas in the 20s Texas Highway Department
1922 – more than one million cars and trucks were registered in Texas, ending the horse and buggy era.
Traffic laws were passed and police enforced them.
Texas created the Texas Highway Department and became eligible for federal funds to build new roads.

19. Warm Up

20. Great Depression Begins
In 1929, early in Republican Herbert Hoover’s presidency, the U. S. stock market collapsed.
Many investors, hoping to make quick fortunes, drove up the price of stock.
Some investors borrowed money heavily to buy stocks, and when stock prices fell, those investors and the banks that loaned them money were wiped out.

22. Cotton Crisis for Farmers
1930s - Cotton prices dropped and the Great Depression forced the prices even lower.
The Texas Department of Agriculture urged farmers to reduce the number of acres planted in cotton.

23. What about the people? Farmers were already feeling the effects
Prices of crops went down
Many farms foreclosed
People could not afford luxuries
Factories shut down
Businesses went out
Banks could not pay out money
People could not pay their taxes
Schools shut down due to lack of funds
Many families became homeless and had to live in shanties

25. Many waited in unemployment lines hoping for a job.

26. People in cities would wait in line for bread to bring to their family.

27. Some families were forced to relocate because they had no money.

28. -Hardest Hit
-Other Areas Hit
-Area of Shetlerbelts

29. The Dust Bowl in Texas
After World War I, when wheat prices were high, farmers tried to earn more money by planting more crops.
But, during the 1920s, wheat prices dropped drastically from overproduction.
Farmers plowed under the grasses of the plains to plant crops, but there was nothing to hold down the soil from strong winds.

31. The Dust Bowl in Texas
1930s - A severe drought added to the problem as dust storms made the area into a Dust Bowl; it lasted 7 years.
People became ill from lung diseases and many families lost their farms because of hard times.
The Dust Bowl covered a five-state area: Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas.

35. A New Deal for Texas
Franklin D. Roosevelt won the presidential election, with almost 90 percent of Texans supporting him.
After taking office in March 1933, he started reform programs called the “New Deal.”
John N. Garner, former Texas Congressman and then the U.S. Vice President, helped push New Deal programs in Congress.

36. New Deal Programs in Texas
New agencies to deal with problems of the Depression were known as alphabet agencies because people called them by their initials.
Agencies included: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), National Youth Administration (NYA), Public Works Administration (PWA).

37. New Deal for Rural Texans
New Deal programs tried to slow down soil erosion to help farmers in the Dust Bowl regions.
New planting and contour plowing techniques helped farmers protect the topsoil from blowing away.
The federal government paid farmers to plant trees as windbreaks, and by 1938, sand dunes around Dalhart were gone.

38. World War II
Military leaders in Germany, Italy, and Japan took control and began wars of expansion. They signed a treaty promising not to attack each other and became known as the Axis Powers because they thought the earth “revolved around them.”
When Germany invaded Poland in 1939, and continued invasions of several smaller countries, European democracies like France and England were forced into action, and World War II began.

39. U.S. Supports the Allies
Roosevelt favored the Allies–nations at war with the Axis powers–although the United States was officially neutral.
To assist the Allies,
Roosevelt made
military equipment
available through
the Lend-Lease Act.

40. U.S. Goes to War
December 7, Japan attacked the U.S. troops based at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the United States officially entered the war.
World War II would not end until 1945 with a victory for the Allied forces.

42. Warm Up

43. Answers

44. Texas Leaders in World War II
General Dwight Eisenhower, who was born in Denison, Texas, commanded Allied forces in Europe.
Admiral Chester Nimitz of Fredericksburg was one of 12 navy admirals from Texas.
Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby of Houston, organized and served as commander of the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC).

46. U.S. Forces Train in Texas
Texas’s favorable climate, location between the two coasts, and wide open spaces made it ideal for military bases.
More than 100 military bases were built or enlarged.

47. Industrial Production in Texas
World War II depended heavily on tanks, ships, airplanes, gasoline, explosives, and other supplies. Texas had large supplies of natural gas, water, timber, and supplied 80% of the oil needed.
From 1942 to 1944, Texas industries boomed, resulting in a large population growth.

48. New Methods of Production
Wartime needs encouraged development of improved products and methods of production.
Scientists invented synthetic rubber from petroleum, and plants were built in Texas.

49. Home Front Workers
Between 1940 and 1943, about 450,000 rural Texans moved to cities to work in wartime factories.
There were new job opportunities for women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans, but discrimination was still a problem.

50. Texans Support the War at Home
Food items, gasoline, tires, and other scarce supplies were rationed.
Texans supplemented their food by planting “victory gardens.”
They collected scrap iron for use in manufacturing war supplies.
Texans contributed to the Red Cross and other agencies serving the military.

51. Texas After the War
Airplane and ship plants either closed or began producing consumer goods.
Women who worked in factories generally were fired so that returning servicemen could have their jobs.
Since farming had become mechanized and required fewer workers, most tenant farmers never returned to work on farms.

52. New Attitudes of Minorities
Many African Americans and Mexican Americans realized the unfairness of fighting and dying for democracy and freedom when many of their civil rights were denied at home.
Many Mexican American veterans joined LULAC, while others formed the American GI Forum of Texas.
The NAACP also became more active during and after the war.

53. Texans Return to Civilian Life
Congress passed the GI Bill of Rights which helped veterans in various ways, including paying college tuition.

54. Foreign Affairs
U.S. troops served in Germany and Japan as armies of occupation.
New threats emerged when the Soviet Union set up Communist dictatorships in several Eastern European nations.
The United States was committed to stopping the spread of Communism and became involved in the Cold War.
VS.

55. New Threats
Communism - community ownership of property, with the end goal being complete social equality via economic equality.
***In Practice - a way of organizing a society in which the government owns the things that are used to make and transport products (such as land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) and there is no privately owned property
Communist North Korea invaded South Korea and the United States was again at war – the Korean War.
This war would not end until 1953.

56. Capitalism
In common usage, the word capitalism means an economic system in which all or most of the means of production are privately owned and operated, and the investment of capital and the production, distribution and prices of commodities (goods and services) are determined mainly in a free market, rather than by the state. In capitalism, the means of production are generally operated for profit.
In a purely capitalist economy, there would be no public schools, no state owned or maintained roads and highways, public works, welfare, unemployment insurance, workers compensation, Social Security benefits etc.

57. Socialism
Most generally, socialism refers to state ownership of common property, or state ownership of the means of production.  A purely socialist state would be one in which the state owns and operates the means of production. However, nearly all modern capitalist countries combine socialism and capitalism.
The University of Idaho, and any other public school or university, is a “socialist” institutions, and those who attend it or work for it are partaking in socialism, because it is owned and operated by the state of Idaho.  The same is true of federal and state highways, federal and state parks, harbors etc.

58. Communism
Most generally, communism refers to community ownership of property, with the end goal being complete social equality via economic equality.  Communism is generally seen by communist countries as an idealized utopian economic and social state that the country as a whole is working toward;  that is to say that pure communism is the ideal that the People’s Republic of China is (was?) working toward.  Such an ideal often justifies means (such as authoritarianism or totalitariansim) that are not themselves communist ideals.
Fundamentally, communism argues that all labor belongs to the individual laborer; no man can own another man's body, and therefore each man owns his own labor.  In this model all "profit" actually belongs in part to the laborer, not, or not just, those who control the means of production, such as the business or factory owner.  Profit that is not shared with the laborer, therefore, is considered inherently exploitive.

59. Fascism
The word descends from the Latin ‘fasces’, the bundle of sticks used by the Romans to symbolize their empire.  This should clue you in that Fascism attempts to recapture both the glory and social organization of Rome.
Most generally, “a governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism.” 
Unlike communism, fascism is opposed to state ownership of capital and economic equality is not a principle or goal.  During the 1930s and WWII, communism and fascism represented the extreme left and right, respectively, in European politics.  Hitler justified both Nazi anti-Semitism and dictatorship largely on the basis of his working to fight-off communism.

60. A Note On Morality
Capitalism and socialism are essentially a-moral* terms: they simply refer to economic systems – who owns what and how capital is exchanged – regardless of any other type of moral principle or goal.  Communism and fascism, on the other hand, refer to both economics, governance, and basic moral principles: that is to say they refer to overarching ideas about how people should live (rather than describing how people do business), so they imply a total ideology: a morality, an economy, a government.
*amoral vs. immoral. Both have to do with right and wrong, but amoral means having no sense of either, like a rock, but the evil immoral describes someone who knows the difference, doesn't care, and says "mwah ha ha" while twirling a mustache. If you call someone immoral, you are saying that person knows better.