1. Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

2. Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government
Japan
Civil War & the invasion of Korea ( )
Daimyo & Samurai
Japan – attacked Korea
- Hoping to conquer Korea and China
- Turtle boats
- Weakened Korea and strengthened
Manchus
Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government

3. Japan and the Europeans
Jesuits arrive late 1500s
Limited success in converting the regional lords, did make a significant number of converts among the farmers of southern and eastern Japan
Rural rebellion (1630s) was blamed on Christians
Tokugawas ban Christianity, and close Japan to Europeans (with exception of few Dutch Nagasaki harbor)
Required to have certificates from Buddhist temples - shipwrecked sailors
Even placed restrictions on # of Chinese traders

4. Elite decline & social crisis
Rice economy – transformation from military to civil society
- Enriches rice traders, everyone else suffers
- Samurai hurting financially – living on credit
- laws requiring forgiveness of Samurai debts
- Stability of Samurai linked to stability of Shogun
- agriculture vs. merchants
Economy grew faster than population
Forty-Seven Ronin incident
- Tradition vs civil authority
- Tradition gives way, Ronin allowed to commit seppuku

5. Late Ming and Early Qing Empires
The Ming Empire
Economic Growth
Demand for Ming porcelain (“china”)
Chinese exports gobbled up the world’s silver
Little ice age effected China’s agriculture & political stability
Government policies and corruption lead to collapse
Ming Collapse and the rise of the Qing
Mongols – Mongolia
Unified in devotion to Dalai Lama (Tibetan Buddhism)
1600 – Galdan restores them to military power
Manchus – Manchuria
Japanese sought their help in invasion
1644 – claimed China for their own when asked to help Ming general
Establish Qing Empire and adopt Chinese institutions and policies

6. Trade and missionaries
Portuguese first on scene (1513), embassy (1517), expelled (1522)
Portuguese trade from Macao (1557)
Spanish traded from outpost in Taiwan (1662), then Manila
Dutch East India Company (VOC) – displaced Portuguese
Willing to kowtow to emperor,(will maintain trade privileges)
Missionaries in China
Franciscans, Dominicans (lower classes), and Jesuits (elites)
Matteo Ricci – mastered language & classics, coopted Chinese culture into Catholicism
Jesuits also introduced latest science/technology

7. Emperor Kangxi (child prodigy)
Period of economic, military, cultural achievement
Repaired infrastructure, encouraged trade
Contact with Russia – Amur River
Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) – Jesuits used as interpreters
Fixed border along Amur river, regulated trade
Kangxi led troops to defeat Galdan and take Mongolia (1691)
Christian compromises
Tolerated Confucian ancestor worship
Becomes a wedge, ultimately leads to missionaries expulsion

8. Chinese influences on Europe
Silk, tea, wallpaper, porcelain, jade, room dividers, fans, ivory – all via Canton
Qing political philosophy – championed by Voltaire as a model ruler
Tea & diplomacy
Single point for all trade – Canton – Allowed control and taxation
Britain and the Trade Deficit
British East India Co (EIC) replaces VOC
Macartney Mission
British trade imbalance favoring China
Refused to kowtow – just a knee
“Sorry, but I don’t need you” (letter to England)
Population and social stress
Environmental Deterioration
Population growth intensified demand for food
Building leads to deforestation
Infrastructure not maintained, corruption, inefficiency

9. The Russian Empire Drive across Northern Asia
Rise of Muscovy (center of pwr under Golden Horde)
Annexed Novgorod in (1478), threw off Mongol yoke (1480)
Expanded South & East by Ivan IV, eventually to Ural Mts
Promoted Moscow as 3rd Rome, Tsar (Caesar)

10. Problem of seaport(s)
Only seaport (Arkhangelsk) frozen most of year
Crimean Turks to south, Sweden to northwest
Siberia to the east – untapped riches (esp fur)

11. First real attempt - Strogonov fur traders, move across Siberia all the way to Alaska
Tsar’s political control follows slowly – uses Siberia as a penal colony
Diversity of Siberia

12. Romanovs
Time of Troubles – Swedish/Polish forces in Moscow
Boyars (Nobles) support Mikhail Romanov (start of Romanov dynasty)
Serfs
Tied to land, hereditary
Largest % of population

13. Russian society & politics to 1725
Cossacks – bands/tribes living north of Black & Caspian Seas
More loyal to chieftain than political ruler
Used in the conquest of Siberia
Used to defend Russia from invaders

14. The Russian Empire … continued
Peter the Great – greatest of the Romanovs
Westernization
Traveled in disguise across Europe collecting technology
Realized that Trade = $ to spend on military
Why the big emphasis on Westernization?

15. Great Northern War (Sweden) gives Russia access to Baltic
Uses Scorched Earth Policy to defeat Charles XII
St. Petersburg “Window to the West”
Peter’s statement to Europe
“One ups” which French monarch
Upwards of 100,000 serfs die building it
Elites forced to move to St. Petersburg, dress European
Why?
Women in public, education opened up
Imitates Prussian Military
Why Prussia?

16. No horse!

17. Moscow St. Petersburg

18. Growth of Russia

20. Oprichniki