1. China Historical Background
IBh2

2. Kang You Wei Chinese scholar (1858~1927)
Wanted to remodel China after Meiji Japan, as a constitutional monarchy
"Capitalism is an inherently evil system"
Influenced by Buddhist and Confucionist ideas and some Western intellectuals
Da Tongshu (大同书): Book of Great Unity – imagined a utopian society in which everyone was equal and families were replaced by state-run institutions, but was not taken seriously at his time
Believed in genetic dissolution (no phenotypical diversity)
Mao Zedong admired him for his socialist ideals in Da Tongshu

3. Sun Yat Sen Chinese Revolutionary (1866-1925)
Co-founder of the Kuomintang, Nationalist Party
Played Key role in abolishing Qing Dynasty
First Provisional President of the Republic of China in 1912
The Three Principles of the People:
Political Philosophy of Nationalism, Socialism and Democracy
Considered the Father of Modern China

4. Chen DUXIU October 8, 1897 – May 27, 1942
Born in Anhui province, China
Was a Chinese revolutionary socialist who co-founded the Chinese Communist Party with Li DaZhao
Served as it's first General Secretary
Leading figure in Xinhai Revolution and May Fourth Movement
Expelled from Communist Party in 1929 after failure of alliance with Nationalists (Comintern blamed Chen for this failure)
Tried to gain influence in following years but failed

5. Li DAZHAO (October 29, 1888 - April 28, 1927)
One of the founders of the Chinese Communist Party, along with Chen Duxiu
Head Librarian of Peking University, Chinese intellectual
Among the first to support the Bolshevik government in Russia
Born in a peasant family, studied political economics at Waseda University in Japan
The roots of Li's revolutionary thinking were actually mostly in Kropotkin's communist anarchism, but after the events of the May Fourth Movement and the failures of the anarchistic experiments of many intellectuals, like his compatriots, he turned more towards Marxism. The success of the Bolshevik Revolution was also a major factor in the changing of his views. In later years, Li combined both his original nationalist and newly acquired Marxist views in order to contribute a strong political view to China (Meisner 1967, 178)
Tensions between the Comintern, the KMT, and the CCP presented opportunities for political intrigue and opportunism. With the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War, Li was captured during a raid on the Soviet embassy in Peking (Beijing) and, with nineteen others, he was executed on the orders of the warlord Zhang Zuolin on April 28, 1927.

6. HAn SUYIN Born: 12 September 1916
Han SuYin was a physician and writer on modern China. She was a supporter of the communist revolution and gained a reputation through her autobiographical memoirs.
Han SuYin influenced Asian American literature by changing the perspective of western authors on Asians. Her work focused heavily on the conflicts between Western and Eastern politics and culture.

7. Jiang JieSHI (Chiang KAI Shek)
1887, Chekiang – 1975, Taipei
Succeeded Dr. Sun Yat-sen as the leader of CNP, recovered northern China in the Northern Expedition in 1928
Leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party and the Republic of China from
In favour of an authoritarian government
Generalissimo of Chinese army during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Kidnapped by Chang Hsueh-liang who obliged him to cooperate with the communists
Retreated to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War and ruled Taiwan as the president of ROC until his death in 1975

8. FENG YUXIAN (G?) He was also known as the Christian General.
(November September 1948)
Grew up surrounded by military since his father was an officer in the Qing Imperial Army.
Joined the Huai Army at age 11
Was a commander and leader in the Republic of China
Served as the Vice Premier from
He was an officer in the (1902) Beiyang Army, but In 1911, he joined forces with the Revolutionaries against the Qing Dynasty and this led to his high rank within the Wu Peifu's Zhili warlord faction but launched the Beijing coup in 1924.
The coup forced Zhili out of power and moved Sun Yat-sen to Beijing.
He was also known as the Christian General.
Credits to Wikipedia and Google Images

9. Cai hesen WHO : early leader in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
March 30, 1895 – August 4, 1931
Mao ze dong's friend / comrade
He helped Mao organize the Changsha New People's Study Society.
Convinced Mao of the Bolshevik revolutionary approach
He founded the first newspaper, The Guide (向导)
Organized revolutionary activity in Hong Kong
Arrested and given over to Canton authorities, who executed him in August, 1931.

10. YUAN SHIKAI ( )
Qing military commander → First Official president of China (1912~16)
Led the Northern New Army (1895~)
Trained army in Korea to keep the Japanese out (1880s), trained troops and promoted modernization
Played a part in kicking out the Qing Dynasty
Rose to power after the Xinhai Revolution (1911)
Yang, Michael. "Yuan Shikai." ChinaHighlights. N.p., 25 Jan Web. 22 Aug
Yuan Shikai. Digital image. Alchetron. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Aug

11. HUNDRED DAYS OF REFORM
Late Qing Dynasty, from June September 1898
A failed 103-day national cultural, political, and educational reform movement
Undertaken by the young Guangxu Emperor his supporters.
The movement proved to be short-lived, ending in a coup d'état ("The Coup of 1898") by powerful conservative opponents led by Empress Dowager Cixi.
Ended by revoking the new edicts and the execution of six of the reform's chief advocates, together known as the "Six Gentlemen"

12. Hundred days reform
The court put into effect some reform measures a decade later:
Abolition of the Imperial Examination in 1905
Educational and military modernization patterned after the model of Japan
An experiment in constitutional and parliamentary government.
One effect, to be felt for decades to come, was the establishment of the New Army, which, in turn, gave rise to warlordism.
The failure of the reform movement gave rise to many revolutionary forces within China.
Led to the Chinese Revolution in 1911, which was a success.

13. BOXER REBELLION November 2, 1899 – September 7, 1901
Background information:
The Boxer Rebellion (Boxer Uprising or Yihequan Movement) was a very violent anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising in the end of the Qing dynasty. The peasants were trying to drive all foreign influence out of China. Estimated 100,000 deaths, a great majority were civilian deaths.
Slogan: "Support Qing government and exterminate the foreigners."
Significance:
The foreigners won after 55 days when more foreign reinforcements came to China. A decade later the Qing Empire collapsed.
Click to add text
Countries involved: China, US, Japan, Great Britain, Russia, France, Italy, and Austria-Hungry.

14. DOUBLE TEN REVOLUTION
Also known as the Xinhai Revolution was an uprising between the 9th and 10th of October that resulted in the fall of the Qing Dynasty ( ).
The revolution started on the 9th of October when an accidental explosion of a bomb in Hankou, prompting the local police to conduct a raid, leading to the discovery of the insurgents. Exposed, the revolutionaries decided, out of necessity to attack at once, and successfully overwhelmed government forces in Wuchang. Their success sparked a series of uprisings and revolts around the country, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, and significantly, led to the establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China headed by Sun Yat Sen.

15. THREE PRINCIPLES OF THE PEOPLE
Three Principles of the People Unites China (Sign facing mainland in Kinmen)
Date: First speech on this ideology delivered (updated and developed over the years)
Summary: Nationalism, Democracy, People's Welfare (Socialism). Nationalism referred to independence from imperial domination. Democracy was mostly based on the American system. People's welfare was largely influenced by Georgism.
Significance: Became the main ideology for the Nationalist Party; however, its contents are very vague. Thus the Nationalist Party was ununified in its early years and ultimately led to a dictatorship. The Three Principles of the People were claimed as the basis for the ideologies of the KMT and the CCP.

16. 21 DEMANDS
A secret ultimatum presented by Japan to China in Jan 18, 1915.
Demands required China to give Japan regional ascendancy over China and cease its practice of leasing out territory to foreign powers.
One of the steps for Japan to increase its powers in the Pacific. It was able to increase its power by seizing Manchuria and increasing its control of the Chinese economy.
However, the demands were opposed by Britain and America. Japan had to move out of Manchuria along with losing trust from Britain and America.

17. May 4th Movement
• May 4th, 1919
•Students in Beijing protesting against the government’s response to the Treaty of Versailles
•China had allowed Japan to receive Chinese territories from Germany
•Sparked Chinese nationalist ideology
•Shifted the Chinese peoples’ focus from traditional cultural practices to political movements