1. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
PLANT NUTRITION
Dr. Péter Csathó

2. ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND PLANT NUTRITION
 1. History of agriculture and soil fertility
2. Basic principles and methods of soil tests (30 slides)
3. Principles and methods of plant analysis 4. Types of Plant Nutrition Experiments 5. Principles and method of nutrient balance
6. Plant nutrition and environmental aspects of soil pH and lime status
7. Assessing of organic farming from the aspect of sustainable plant nutrition
8. The environmental aspects of plant nutrition 9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition
10. The basics of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system : Evaluation of the database of Hungarian long-term field NPK fertilization exeriments 11. The structure of environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system 12. Comparative evaluation of the environmentally sound plant nutrition advisory system, and its application in case of some
farms

3. ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY POWER PLANTS

4. The growing environmental load of heavy metals
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

5. Heavy metal load sources of agricultural soils (Lisk, 1972)
A / Metal content of soil forming rocks and minerals.
B / Heavy metals that get into the soil with the impurity of fertilizers and liming agents and as a component of pesticides and organic manures , and as a contamination of wastewater sludge .
C / metals from industrial and mining wastes, waste disposals , fossil fuel combustion products , soil particles carried by wind erosion, experimental nuclear explosion , materials from pollen, meteors, dry and wet sediment materials from volcanic activity. Heavy metal pollution from transportation.
D / metal content of soil particles transported by water erosion, metal compounds dissolved or suspended in water which come from moving soil water. Heavy metals dispensed by irrigation.
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

6. A / Metal content of soil forming rocks and minerals.
In natural state, uncontaminated soil, the vast majority of the toxic metals are generally derived from soil-forming rock.
It is therefore correct to call metal from such sources "geochemical pollutants" .
A variety publications give information about rare metals content of rocks (Johannsen, 1932; Lindgen, 1923, Oertel and Prescott, 1944 etc).
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

7. The concentrations of toxic metals in the soil and various rocks and their accumulation in the plant and human organisms

8. Heavy metal contents of certain agricultural and industrial raw materials

9. The heavy metal content of the soil improvement and yield-enhancing substances
The magnitude of Cr contamination of tannery sludge is expressed in percentage
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

10. The heavy metal content of the soil improving and yield-enhancing substances
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

11. The heavy metal content of the soil and yield-enhancing substances
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

12. The heavy metals content of the soil improving and yield-enhancing substances

13. The heavy metal load of pesticides
In old orchards the Pb, As, Cu, Zn, etc. content of the previous extensively used pesticides resulted in the enrichment of heavy metals in the topsoil. The installation of arable crops or new fruits in this area was hindered in many cases by toxic heavy metal concentrations for the certain cultures (Benson, 1968; Bornemisza, 1985).
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

14. Among pesticides used in agriculture seed treatment materials with large organic mercury content caused great environmental damage in the past.
These chemicals were on the market e.g.. in Sweden, between 1940 and 1965 for 25 years, and some native wild bird species were threatened with extinction. Since 1965 more environmentally friendly seed treatment materials has been used in Sweden.
Mercury-containing seed treatment materials caused damage in Hungary as well. In the early 70-ies a number of wild geese died due to it in Kardoskút. Soon mercury-containing pesticides were also banned in Hungary.
Most common, the receiver examines pesticide residues from food items exporting to west. The number of nitrate and heavy metal contamination tests is insignificant compared to that.
The amount of pesticide per hectare shows a downward trend with the spread of hormonal materials g / ha in western countries. In our country the tendency is similar (Király, 1985) .
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

15. In the mid 80s 11 kg / ha pesticide was released on average in Hungary, in which the quantities of active ingredient was 5.5 kg / ha. This time the quantitative distribution of pesticides used in Hungary was as follows: 60% herbicides, 30% fungicides and 10% of insecticide (King, 1985).
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

16. The heavy metal load from sludge release
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

17. The heavy metal load from sludge release
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

18. Heavy metal balance of arable lands in Hungary in ​​the 80s, related to g / ha ( Kadar et. al, 1998)
BALANCE SHEET iTEMS Zn Pb Cu Ni As Cd Se
Source
fertilizers <
organic manure
sewage sludge
lime 2 <1 1 <1 <1 - -
by products <
sedimentation *
total
Losses
plant uptake
wash-off
evaporation
Total
balance eg
Eject % of revenue
* Molnar (1997)
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

19. Heavy metal balance of arable lands in Hungary in ​​the 90s, related to g / ha (Csathó and Hungary, 2002)
BALANCE SHEET iTEMS Zn Pb Cu Ni As Cd Se
sourec
fertilizers <
organic manure
sewage sludge
lime 1 <1 1 <1 <1 - -
by products <
sedimentation *
Total
Losses
plant uptake
wash-off
evaporation
Total
Balance
Eject% of revenue
* Bozo (2003)
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

20. Heavy metal balance of arable lands in Hungary in ​​the 80s and 90s,
related to g / ha (Kadar et. Al., 1998; Csathó and Magyar, 2002)
BALANCE SHEET iTEMS Zn Pb Cu Ni Dig CD Se
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

21. Available microelement content in 0-10cm layer of soil versus the distance from the M7 highway
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

22. Heavy metal amounts issued by irrigation compared with the heavy metal content of secondary treated waste water
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

23. Average heavy metal content of soils in Hungary in 0-30cm depth mg/kg, 1986
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

24. Agronomical turnover of heavy metals (ALLAWAY, 1968)

25. Chemical reactions of heavy metals in the soil
Ion exchange reactions
Formation of metal-organic complexes
Specific cation adsorption
precipitation
Oxidation - reduction processes
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

26. Relative mobility of heavy metals and other toxic materials in soil (Korte et.al. 1960)

27. The heavy metal concentrations
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

28. The soil adsorption capacity
The yield of oat versus arsenic doses by soils with different textures
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

29. The soil adsorption capacity
B content of plants versus B concentration of the soil
9. Agricultural production plants feeding associated with heavy metal load

30. The pH and lime status of the soil
The effect of liming on the Cd concentration of lean grass on acidic sandy soil,
mg / kg. (Jaszberenyi, 1979).
Nutrient supply (A)
Liming (B)
Cd levels mg / kg (C)
Average 2 10 50
(NPK) 1
without lime 2 11 64 85 40
limed 1 7 17 80 26
Average 9 82 33
(NPK) 2 44
133 47 25
110 36 8 34
121 41
Two nutrient levels 10 54
109
average 21 95 31 37
102
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

31. The tolerance of plants to As poisoning
(OVERCASH és PAL, 1979)
Very tolerant *
fairly tolerant
poor tolerance
asparagus
sugar beet
alfalfa
carrot
beets
barley
mulberry
pea
cucumber
solo
meadow-grass
lima beans
pumpkin
peanuts
onion
rye
Creeping bent
paprika
sudan
rice
tobacco
orchard grass
puppet
tomato
strawberry
blueberries
turnips
sugar cane
clover
vetch
sweetcorn
Korean here
potato
oat
radish
wheat
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

32. Tolerance of plants to B-poisoning (BINGHAM, 1973)
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

34. Maximum allowable toxic element content of forages
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

35. Maximum allowable heavy metal concentration of foods distributed in Hungary
9. Heavy metal load of agricultural production related to plants nutrition

36. Country forms of control Cd mg / kg P2O5 mg Cd/ kgP Norway Recommended
Maximum Cd content Cd P fertilizers in Western Europe, Japan and in Hungary (IFA, 1990)
Country forms of control Cd mg / kg P2O5 mg Cd/ kgP
Norway Recommended
onwards
onwards
Annually reporting to authorities
Sweden Annually reporting to authorities
Denmark Maximum onwards
* Allowed onwards
onwards
Finland Maximum onwards
Allowed
West Germany Voluntary
Austria Maximum onwards
Switzerland Recommended onwards
Japan Maximum
Hungary Maximum onwards
* Statutory