1. Development of GI system
陳建榮

3. GI system: Primitive Gut Morphogenesis Foregut Midgut Hindgut
Foregut embryology
Midgut embryology
Hindgut embryology 

4. Formation of primitive gut
Head fold, tail fold and lateral fold
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

5. Primitive gut:

6.  The primitive gut:
Foregut 前腸
esophagus
stomach(S)
proximal half of the duodenum (PD),
liver and pancreas.
Midgut 中腸
distal half of the duodenum(DD)
jejunum(J),
ileum(I),
cecum(C),
appendix,
ascending colon and the right 3/4 of the transverse colon.
Hindgut 後腸
left 1/4 of the transverse colon
the descending colon
sigmoid colon
the rectum(R) down to the ano-rectal line (the endoderm-ectoderm junction).

7. The venous drainage of the gut :
The blood supply:
Foregut : celiac artery
Midgut :superior mesenteric artery
Hindgut :inferior mesenteric artery
The venous drainage of the gut :
Foregut : portal vein
Midgut : superior mesenteric vein
Hindgut :inferior mesenteric vein.

9. Functional divisions of primitive GI system
ARTERY
VEIN
LYMPHATICS
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC
FOREGUT:
Esophagus
Stomach
Proximal half of duodenum (up to common bile duct (CBD))
Liver
Pancreas
CELIAC ARETERY
PORTAL VEIN
Spleenic vein
Gastric vein
CELIAC NODES
CELIAC GANGLIA
VAGUS
MIDGUT:
Distal half of duodenum (from CBD)
Jejunum
Ileum
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending colon
Right 3/4 of transverse colon
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC NODES
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC GANGLIA
HINDGUT:
Left 1/4 of transverse colon
Descending colon
All of rectum down to ano-rectal line
INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY
INFERIOR MESENTERIC VEIN
INFERIOR MESENTERIC NODES
GANGLIA
HYPOGASTRIC PLEXUS
PELVIC SPLANCHNIC NERVES

10. GI system: Primitive Gut Morphogenesis Foregut Embryology
Development of stomach
Development of mesentery
Liver morphogenesis
Pancrease morphogenesis
Midgut embryology
Hindgut embryology 

11. Development of stomach
Clock wise 90
Greater curvature of stomach胃大彎
Lesser curvature of stomach胃小彎
Vagus n.

12. Development of stomach

13. Development of stomach

14. GI system: Primitive Gut Morphogenesis Mesentery morphogenesis
Dorsal mesentery背總腸繫膜
Ventral mesentery腹總腸繫膜
Foregut Embryology
Midgut embryology
Hindgut embryology 

16. Formation of Greater omentum大網膜

17. 網膜孔
網膜囊

26. THE MESENTERY: -ventral mesentery:
-falciform lig.鐮狀韌帶
-lesser omentum小網膜
-coronary lig.冠狀韌帶
-triangular lig.三角韌帶
-dorsal mesentery:
Mesogastrium : greater omentum大網膜, omentum bursa網膜囊
Mesoduodenum十二指膜系膜
mesentery proper (distal duodenum, jejunum and ileum),
mesocolon 結腸系膜
Mesorectum直腸系膜

27. Development of liver: 4 weeks 5 weeks Hepatic diverticulum肝憩室
Hepatic cords 肝索
Gallbladder膽囊
Ventral pancreatic bud腹側胰芽
5 weeks
6 weeks

29. Development of pancrease
Dorsal pancreatic bud背側胰芽
Body and tail of pancrease, accessory pancreatic duct
Ventral pancreatic bud腹側胰芽
Uncinate process of pancrase, main pancreatic duct

30. Clinical problems
Annular pancrease環狀胰臟

31. Duodenal stenosis or atresia十二指腸栓塞或狹窄

32. Development of spleen
Accessory spleen副脾

33. GI system: Primitive Gut Morphogenesis Foregut Embryology
Midgut embryology
Rotation of midgut loop
Retum of midgut to abdomen
Fixation of intestine
Cecum and appendix
Hindgut embryology 

36. Rotation of midgut loop
6 weeks
Rotation of midgut loop
- Counterclock wise 90
10 weeks
Retum of midgut to abdomen
11 weeks

37. Midgut development of animals

38. Midgut development of animals

40. Clinical problems Umbilical hernia ↑ ↓ Gastroschisis
Muscles of abdominal wall : normal

41. Gastroschisis 裂腹畸形(前腹壁缺損)

42. Nonrotation of midgut
Mixed rotation and volvulus
Reversed rotation
Internal hernia
Midgut volvulus

43. Fixation of intestine

44. Cecum and appendix

46. Clinical problems
Meckel’s diverticulum梅爾氏憩室

47. Ileal diverticulum迴腸憩室

48. Duplication of intestine腸重覆

49. GI system: Primitive Gut Morphogenesis Foregut Embryology
Midgut embryology
Hindgut embryology 
Partitioning of cloaca泄殖腔
Urorectal septum泌尿直腸隔
Cloaca泄殖腔
Urogenital sinus泌尿生殖竇
Anal canal肛管

52. Partition of cloaca

53. Anal canal
恥狀線 原肛

54. Clinical problems
直腸尿道瘻管
直腸陰道瘻管
肛門會陰瘻管
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV

55. Membranous atresia of anal
Rectovaginal fistula
Rectourethral fistula
直腸陰道瘻管
直腸尿道瘻管