1. Take out a piece of paper
Name the Seven Dwarves

2. Difficulty of Task Was the exercise easy or difficult.
It depends on what factors?
Whether you like Disney movies
how long ago you watched the movie
how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

3. As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
So what was the point of the seven dwarves exercise?

4. The Memory process
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

5. Encoding The processing of information into the long-term storage.
Typing info into a computer
Getting a girls name at a party

6. Storage The retention of encoded material over time.
Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.
Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

7. Retrieval
The process of getting the information out of memory storage.
Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).
Finding your document and opening it up.

8. Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Turn your paper over.
Now pick out the seven dwarves.
Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Goofy Sleazy Shy Droopy Moody Hoppy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Ren Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Cheesy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy

9. Seven Dwarves
Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

10. Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?
Recall v. Recognition
With recall- you must retrieve the information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).
With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).
Which is easier?

11. Types of Memory Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory
Encoding
Retrieval
Long-Term Memory

12. Sensory Memory
The immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Echoic – sensory memory for sound (last 1-2 s.)
Iconic – sensory memory for vision (lasts a fraction of a second)
Stored just for an instant, and most gets unprocessed.

13. Short-Term Memory Memory that holds a few items briefly.
Seven digits (plus of minus two).
The info will be stored into long-term or forgotten.
How do you store things from short-term to long-term?
You must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.
Rehearsal

14. Long Term Memory Unlimited storehouse of information.
Explicit (declarative) memories
Implicit (non-declarative) memories

15. Explicit Memories (aka, declarative memories)
Episodic Memories
Episodic memory is the memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated.
Semantic Memories
Semantic memory refers to a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience. Semantic memory includes things that are common knowledge, such as the names of colors, the sounds of letters, the capitals of countries and other basic facts acquired over a lifetime.
Formed by the hippocampus; stored in the cerebral cortex.

16. Implicit Memories
Procedural Memories
Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills.
Conditioned Memories
AKA Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Formed by the cerebellum; stored in the cerebral cortex.

17. To summarize….

18. Getting the information in our heads!!!!
Encoding
How do you encode the info you read in our text?
Getting the information in our heads!!!!

19. Two ways to encode information
Automatic Processing
Effortful Processing

20. Automatic Processing Unconscious encoding of incidental information.
Examples: what table you were seated at a restaurant; what you ate for breakfast, where on the page a word was, who you saw on the way to class today.
Things can become automatic with practice (when you first learn a new word, every time you hear it, you consciously and effortlessly pull up the definition from meaning; after hearing it 50 times, you can understand the word without effort – reading Shakespeare.)

21. Effortful Processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names
Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most common effortful processing technique.
It depends on the amount of time spent processing the information.
Overlearning (reviewing things you already know) enhances retention. (This is why Dr. Humble will probably never allow senior exam exemptions.)

22. Spacing Effect
We increase long-term retention when we study or practice over time.
Cramming is an inefficient means of studying (ie, cramming = less time for guitar hero)

23. All-purpose memory demo
Bed
Quilt
Dark
Silence
Fatigue
Clock
Snoring
Night
Toss
Tired
Artichoke
Turn
Rest
Dream
Sleep

24. How many did you remember?
7 plus or minus 2
Towards the beginning or the end
Words that don’t fit

25. Quiz Question
Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.
short-term
Implicit
Echoic
Explicit
Semantic

26. Quiz Question
Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills is to ________.
brainstem; hippocampus
Explicit memory; implicit memory
Automatic processing; effortful processing
Short-term memory; long-term memory
Iconic; echoic

27. Which type works best?

28. Chunking Organizing items into familiar, manageable units.
Often it will occur automatically.
Take 10 seconds to try to remember this number list:
Chunk- from Goonies
Now, try again:
1492, 1776, 1812, 1941
What are some other examples of chunking?

29. Tricks to Encoding Mnemonic Devices = memory tricks
Often use imagery (peg word, method of loci, “hippo on campus…”)
May use chunking (King Philip Came Over for Great Spaghetti, SOHCOHTOA, My very earnest mother just served us nine [pizzas], ROY G. BIV)
Give me some more examples….
Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

30. Self-Reference Effect
The idea that we remember things when they relate to ourselves.
What do we do in class to take advantage of this?

31. Study pitfalls
Visual encoding: thinking about the appearance of the word
Acoustic encoding: thinking about the sound of the word (unless it is set to music—then it is great for rote memorization)
The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.
Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.
Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

32. Quiz Question
In order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges, and potatoes the next time he does to the grocery store, Nabil forms the word “SHOP” with the first letter of each item. He is using a memory aid known as
Chunking
The spacing effect
The serial position effect
The method of loci
The next-in-line effect

33. Quiz Question
When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of
proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Encoding failure
Storage failure