1. Kingdom Protista

2. Protista is one kingdom in the domain Eukarya.
Protists are difficult to classify.

3. Protists can be animal-like, plantlike, or funguslike.
Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants, or fungi.

4. Protist classification will likely change.
Some protists are not closely related.
Molecular evidence supports reclassification.

5. Protist “Phylogeny” (evolutionary history)
BIOLOGICAL JUNK DRAWER
No specific place
Eukaryotic
Multicellular OR unicellular
No tissues
Group of cells working together

6. Animal-like protists are called protozoans.
heterotrophs (consume other organisms)
single-celled
Can move independently

7. Animal-like protists move in various ways.
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia

8. Protozoa with flagella are zooflagellates.
flagella help zooflagellates swim
more than 2000 zooflagellates
-Trypanosoma

9. Protists that move with pseudopods are called pseudopodia.
some change shape as they move
ex. Amoebas and foraminifera
Amoeba
foraminiferian

10. Protozoa that move with cilia are called ciliates.
Cilia has 2 functions:
1. movement
2. feeding: food is swept into the oral groove by the cilia for digestion.
Macronucleus-controls cells non-reproductive functions such as metabolism and homeostasis.
Micronucleus-reproductive division
more than 8000 ciliates
macronucleus
food vacuole
oral groove
micronucleus
contractile vacuole
cilia
Ex.
paramecium

11. Animal-like protists cause disease are called sporozoans
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by mosquitoes.

12. Animal-like protists cause disease are called sporozoans
Sleeping sickness is caused by Trypanosoma and spread by tsetse flies.

13. Animal-like protists cause disease are called sporozoans
A giardia infection (vomiting and diarrhea) is caused by Giardia and spread through water.

15. Plantlike protists are called phytoplankton.
photosynthetic
single-celled, colonial, or multicellular
no roots, stems, or leaves

16. Plantlike protists that exhibit some animal characteristics are called euglenoids.
mostly photosynthetic, some also heterotrophic
single-celled
one or two flagella
first evolutionary organism with primitive eyespot (used to detect light for photosynthesis)
pellicle
nucleus
chloroplast
eye spot
contractile
vacuole
flagellum

17. Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists.
have two flagella
may be bioluminescent
have stiff protective plates
can cause red tide, algal blooms that can cause harm to aquatic life and humans by releasing toxins and
removing oxygen/nutrients from
water.
Dinoflagellates

18. Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells.
shells made of silica
produce large amounts of oxygen
Non-mobile

19. Do you brush your teeth?

20. Plantlike protists can be single-celled or multicellular.
Photosynthetic plantlike protists are called algae.
Ex. is the Volvox
Flagella on inside
Live in colonies
colony

21. Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments.
Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b.
May be single-celled, colonial or multicelled.
Ex. common algae seen on ponds and lakes, seaweed.
Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.
Ex. help build coral reefs
Brown algae contain chlorophyll c and fucoxanthin.
Ex. kelp, can grow up to 60 meters in height.

22. Mmmm...algae Human Uses for Algae Major food source for the ocean.
Produces much of the earth’s oxygen.
Chemicals from algae are used to make plastics, waxes, paints, deodorants, agar etc.
Also found in ice cream, pancake syrup, eggnog, etc.
Mmmm...algae

24. Many plantlike protists can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
All algae can reproduce asexually.
Multicellular algae can fragment.
Chlamydomonas divides into zoospores.

25. Some algae produce sexually.
Some species alternate generations(have both asexual and sexual reproductive cycles).
Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

26. Ciliates: Paramecium Reproduction
Binary Fission using the macronucleus and conjugation using micronucleus
Movement
Cilia surround the organism
Obtain Nutrition
Cilia push food into oral groove
Distinguishing Characteristic
These have the ability to eat 5,000 bacteria a day.

27. Funguslike protists decompose dead organisms.
Heterotrophs, called decomposers
can move, whereas fungi cannot

28. Funguslike protists Decompose organic material
Slime molds and water molds have both fungus-like and animal-like traits.
decomposers, like fungi, (beneficial help material rot).
can move, like animals

29. Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular.
Plasmodial slime molds (acellular) are giant cells with many nuclei.
Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

30. Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists.
one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s (potato blight, blights of grapes and tomatoes)
made of branching strands of cells
can be parasites of plants or fish

31. Overview Chart of some Phytoplankton
Phylum
Life Cycle
Motility
Habitat
Chlorophyta
(green algae)
Zygotic
Gametic and alt of generation
Some motile & Nonmotile
Fresh water, Few Marine & Terrestrial
Bacillariophyta
( diatoms)
Gametic
flagellum
Marine & fresh
phaeophyta (brown algae)
Flagellum
Rhodophyta
(Red Algae)
Alternation of Generation
Nonmotile
Mostly Marine & few fresh water