1. Neolithic Revolution

2. Period in early history that marked the end of the Ice Age.
People stopped being nomadic and started farming and developing civilizations.

3. Hammurabi’s Code

4. Set of laws used in Mesopotamia that were based off the concept “an eye for an eye”

5. Caste System

6. A way to keep order in society (hierarchy)
Used in Indus River Valley and became the basis for Hinduism
Based on concepts of reincarnation and karma

7. China

8. This civilization was the most isolated, but eventually became connected to other empires through the Silk Road.

9. Sparta

10. A war-like society that focused on military achievements and rule by an oligarchy

11. Persian Wars

12. A series of wars between the Greek city-states and the empire of Xerxes I.
Although the Greeks lost a lot of men, it led to the unity of Greece.

13. Hellenistic

14. The combination of Greek and Middle Eastern cultures.
Started by Alexander the Great

15. Julius Caesar

16. leader of the Roman Republic who restored public works, gave jobs to the poor and modified the Roman calendar

17. Quran

18. Sacred text of Islam

19. Byzantine

20. The empire that practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity
They combined with the Holy Roman Empire to fight for Christianity during the Crusades

21. Feudalism

22. A system of government based on land ownership
Each level contributed to society…… mutual aide was key!!!

23. Aztec

24. The fall of this empire happened after the arrival of the Spanish (specifically, Cortes)

25. Jerusalem

26. Considered the “Holy Land” by both Christians and Muslims
The Crusades was fought over control of this city

27. Joan of Arc

28. A main reason for the French victory in the Hundred Years War was because of their leadership and strategies

29. The Catholic Church

30. Source of all political and religious power during the Middle Ages
Their power will eventually decline during the Reformation period

31. Inquisition

32. The Catholic Church used this to torture/interrogate heretics

33. Classicism

34. Rediscovery of Greek and Roman ideas during the Renaissance

35. Humanism

36. Renaissance value that emphasized the dignity and worth of the individual

37. Secular

38. Renaissance value that focused on worldly, rather than religious, ideas
Separation of Church and State

39. Machiavelli

40. Renaissance author who advised kings on how to rule
In his book, he argued it was better for leaders to be feared than loved

41. Printing Press

42. Improved literacy and education during the Renaissance
Led to the spread of Enlightenment and Reformation ideas

43. 95 Theses

44. Martin Luther’s published list of complaints against the church, included abuses of power and use of indulgences

45. Anglican

46. A form of Protestantism that allowed the monarch to be head of the church

47. Catholic Reformation

48. The Catholic Church created this in order to compete with Protestant’s increasing popularity
Declared an end to indulgences, but increased the inquisition and censorship

49. European Exploration

50. Caused by the quest for land, resources, and people to convert to Christianity

51. Triangular Trade

52. Allowed Europeans to increase their own wealth and influence
Started the trade of goods, disease, slaves, and animals between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

53. Heliocentric Theory

54. New scientific belief that stated the sun was the center of the universe
Directly conflicted with church teachings

55. Scientific Revolution

56. Led to the creation of the Scientific Method, Newton’s Laws of Gravity, and advanced technology

57. Absolute Monarchy

58. Type of government that granted the exclusive right to rule to the king/queen
Rule was supported by the idea of divine right
During the Renaissance, it was used by France (Louis XIV), Russia (Peter the Great), England (Elizabeth I), and Spain (Phillip II)

59. Enlightenment

60. Period of history where people began to use reason and logic to question leadership; inspired people to challenge authority

61. Montesquieu

62. Enlightenment philosopher that advocated the separation of the government into multiple branches in order to spread power

63. John Locke

64. Enlightenment philosopher that advocated “inalienable rights”
Said that people had the right to change the government if their “inalienable rights” were abused

65. Rousseau

66. Enlightenment philosopher that believed people were naturally good; therefore, they should be free and have a say in the government

67. Florence

68. City in Italy that was the birthplace of the Renaissance

69. Buddhism

70. Technically considered a “philosophy,” started by Siddhartha Gautama in the Indus River Valley.
Beliefs include reincarnation, karma, meditation, and dieting

71. Judaism

72. Founded by Abraham (prophet)
Uses the Torah as their sacred text
First major monotheistic religion