1. Cardiac Emergency/Disorders
BY: Felicia Magnuszewski

2. Heart attack
A heart attack occurs when blood flow that brings oxygen to the heart muscle is severely reduced or cut off completely.
The structures involved in a heart attack are:
Heart
Arteries
Blood

3. Mechanism/cause of the disorder
High cholesterol: a waxy substance that’s found in the fats in your blood
Makes it harder for oxygen to get to your heart
Can treat high cholesterol by making healthier choices (healthier diet, exercising, medication, etc.)
Blood clot that arise in the arteries of the heart itself may block the flow of blood through that artery and cause a heart attack.

4. Blood Clot
The lower the blood clot it the artery the less severe it’ll be.
The more upper the clot in the artery the more likely the person is to die.

5. Short term effects
Chest discomfort that feels like pressure or squeezing that may last a few minutes or may come back and go away
Women may experience vomiting and back or jaw pain
Shortness of breathe
Other signs may include cold sweat, nausea, or lightheadness
Undue fatigue
Palpitations- the sensation that your heart is skipping a beat or beating too rapidly
Dyspnea- difficult or labored breathing

6. Long term effects
Increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease
Greater chance of developing coronary heart disease
Greater chance of having a second heart attack
Cant do as many physical activities

7. Treatment Stent placement- stent is placed to keep your artery open
Open heart surgery- take a healthy artery or vein and it goes around the blocked portion of the artery which gives blood a new route to follow to your heart
Medicine- may be given to open clocked arteries to your heart.

8. Rehabilitation
Cardiac rehab programs usually provide education and counseling services to help heart patients increase physical fitness, reduce cardiac symptoms, improve health and reduce the risk of future heart problems

9. Prevention Recommend heart disease prevention to begin early in life
Assess risk facts
Work on keeping them low
40 years+ should calculate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease in the next 10 years

10. Stroke
Stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted and severely reduced depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients.
Structures involved in a stroke are:
Brain
Brain tissue

11. Mechanism/cause of the disorder
Risks:
High Blood Pressure- risk of stroke begins to increase at blood pressure reading higher than 120/80 millimeters of mercury
Cigarette smoking or exposure to second hand smoke
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Obstructive sleep apnea- a sleep disorder in which oxygen level intermittently drops during the night
Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure

12. Short term effects
Seizures and Epilepsy-first weeks following a stroke some survivors may experience a stroke
May feel pain which may occur immediately, weeks or sometimes months after stroke

13. Long term effects
Paralysis or loss of muscle movement-may become paralyzed in one side of your body or lose control of certain muscles
Difficulty talking or swallowing-may cause you to have less control of your mouth muscles making it difficult to talk clearly, swallow or eat.
Memory loss- many people may get memory loss or have difficulty thinking, making judgments, reasoning and understanding concepts

14. Long term effects
Emotional problems- people have more difficulty controlling their emotions or may develop depression
Changed in behavior and self-care ability- people may become more withdrawn and less social or more impulsive, may need help grooming and daily chores

15. Prevention Managing key risk factors High blood pressure
Cigarette smoking
Atrial fibrillation
Physical inactivity

16. Treatment
Medical treatments nay be used to control high blood pressure and/or manage atrial fibrillation among high risk patients.
Anticoagulants/Antiplatelets-Antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and anticoagulants, such as warfarin, interfere with the blood's ability to clot
Antihypertensives-medications that treat high blood pressure. Depending on the type of medication, they can lower blood pressure by opening the blood vessels

17. Treatment Medical procedures
Carotid Endarterectomy- procedure in which blood vessel blockage is surgically removed
Angioplasty- Doctors sometimes use balloon angioplasty and implantable steel screens called stents to treat cardiovascular disease and help open up the blocked blood vessel.

18. Rehabilitation Physical activities
Strengthening motor skills-exercise the help improve muscle strength
Mobility training-relearn how to walk
Cognitive and emotional activities
Therapy for communication disorders-can help regain lost abilities in speaking, listening, writing and comprehension

19. Credits http://www.mayoclinic.org/ http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/