1. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Objective: To examine the Indian Wars of the 19th century.
Indians were considered “an obstacle to the progress of settlement and industry”.
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Conflicts between settlers and Indians about land weren’t new – remember Indian Removal Act of Settlers and Indians clashed again when the people started moving west after the Civil War
Colonel John Chivington
General George Custer
Lakota Chief Crazy Horse
Lakota Chief Sitting Bull
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2. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Chivington/Sand Creek Massacre
Fort Laramie Treaty: Native American’s agreed to stay within a
limited area in exchange for money, animals, and tools.
1858 – Gold is discovered in Pikes Peak, CO · Miners trespass on Native American land
1860’s – Native Americans are forced to sign a new treaty giving up
land around Pikes Peak.
allow travelers, railroad surveyors, and construction workers to enter tribal lands safely;
allow the government to establish posts and roads;
pay for any wrongdoing of their people;
select head chiefs to deal with U.S. government agents;
cease fighting with other tribes.
The United States had to
protect Indians from U.S. citizens;
deliver annuities if the terms of the treaty were upheld.
Some Native Americans refused and began attacking and killing
soldiers and miners.
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3. Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851

4. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
"After several years of fighting against the U.S. Army, which was itself beleaguered by the Civil War, the Cheyenne were forced to surrender in September Meeting with Colonel John M. Chivington at Camp Weld in September, Black Kettle and his tribe assumed a peace agreement had been reached, and they camped at Sand Creek, forty miles away.”
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Col. John M. Chivington at Camp Weld with Black Kettle and his men, Courtesy of Colorado Historical Society.
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5. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
September, 1864 – The Cheyenne were forced to surrender to
Colonel John M. Chivington.
November, 1864 – Two months later, on November 29, 1864, Chivington
led a surprise attack on the Cheyenne at Sand Creek, killing 105 women
and children and 28 men, as well as mutilating the dead and wounded.
· This became known as the Chivington, or Sand Creek Massacre.
The surrender was accepted and the Cheyenne, led by Black Kettle, believed both parties had acted in good faith and that the tribe was under the protection of the troops.
Chivington had been planning an attack on the tribes – the term of enlistment for the regiment was running out and they hadn’t seen any combat. The talk was that they would attack more hostile troops but evidence shows that Chivington was planning to attack at Sand Creek. On the morning of 11/29, Chivington attacked. Black Kettle, not believing what he saw, raised the American flag above his tipi and assured his people that there was no need to panic.
The Sand Creek Massacre sparked an uprising among plains tribes
Sand Creek Massacre (6:37)
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6. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Battle of Little Bighorn
1867 – Plains Indians were forced off their land onto reservations,
an area of federal land reserved for an Indian tribe, in Oklahoma and S.D.
1874 – Gold is discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota on the
Lakota reservation.
Lakota Chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse fought back in the
Sioux War of 1876.
· In the Battle of Little Bighorn, General George Custer and all 225 of
his men were killed by Crazy Horse and his Lakota warriors.
Each year, the Lakota of the Great Plains commemorate their victory over the United States army at the Battle of the Greasy Grass, better known in American history as the Battle of Little Bighorn. (Video – 3:26)
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7. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
(above) George Armstrong Custer's Camp prior to the Battle of Little Bighorn, photo courtesy Library of Congress.
(above) Soldier and non-human remains. Soldier’s bodies were stripped and mutilated.
(left) The Battle of the Little Bighorn, painting by Charles Russell, 1903
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8. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
End of the Buffalo
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
In an attempt to force the Plains Indians to become “more American”, the government sponsored the slaughter of the buffalo, which the Plains Indians depended on.
Examples:
Buffalo population in 1860: approximately 13 million
- Buffalo population in 1900: approximately 400
Buffalo skulls, mid-1870s, waiting to be ground into fertilizer.
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9. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Slaughtered buffalo, 1872
Hide yard with 40,000 buffalo hides Dodge City, Kansas, 1878
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10. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
"Wanton Destruction of Buffalo" in W. E. Webb, Buffalo Land, 1872
American Buffalo (2:52)
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11. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Native American Schools
In an attempt to make Native Americans assimilate, or absorb, into the dominant culture, special boarding schools were set up by the U.S. government for Native Americans.
Apache children on arrival at the Carlisle Indian School (Pennsylvania) wearing traditional clothing.
The same Apache children four months later.
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12. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Cheyenne woman named Woxie Haury in ceremonial dress…
…and in wedding portrait with husband.
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13. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Objective: To examine Chief Joseph, the Dawes Act, and Wounded Knee.
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
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14. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
The Ghost Dance
A new religion was started by Paiute shaman, Wavoka.
He said that a new messiah was coming and that he would bring the ghosts of the Indian dead to join the living. 
In preparation, men and women had to purify themselves and give up alcohol and violence. 
They also had to dance in a large circle appealing to their ancestors for help. 
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15. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
If this was done properly, the old Indian ways would be restored and the Plains Indians would be independent and powerful once again. 
The “Ghost Dance” was outlawed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, for fear it would unite the Native Americans once more. 
Sioux Ghost Dance
(length = 39 secs)
s the movement began to spread, white settlers grew increasingly alarmed and feared it as a prelude to an armed uprising. “Indians are dancing in the snow and are wild and crazy,” telegrammed a frightened government agent stationed on South Dakota’s Pine Ridge Reservation to the commissioner of Indian affairs on November 15, “We need protection and we need it now.” General Nelson Miles arrived on the prairie with 5,000 troops as part of the Seventh Cavalry, Custer’s old command, and ordered the arrest of several Sioux leaders.
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16. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
…fear of the Indians continued as late as the 1890's. The Buffalo Echo joined the hysteria which swept parts of the west in 1890 relating to the "Ghost Dance." The entire issue was based on conversations with a lady who was passing through by stage and who had no first hand knowledge, but was merely repeating what she had heard.
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17. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Ghost Dance of the Oglala Sioux, Harper's Weekly, December 1890.
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18. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Wounded Knee
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
· The Lakota tribe was brought to Wounded Knee Creek, SD, by the army and disarmed.
Soldiers pose with cannons used during the massacre at Wounded Knee
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19. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Chief Big Foot of the Miniconjou Sioux was ill with pneumonia and had no intention of fighting.
He was flying a white flag when soldiers caught up with him on December 28, 1890.
· Someone fired a shot, scaring the soldiers, who began to fire.
Big Foot lies frozen on the snow-covered battlefield where he died, at the battle of Wounded Knee, SD, 1890.
Chief Big Foot was one of the first to be killed.
Chief Big Foot of the Miniconjou Sioux
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20. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
View of the slain frozen body of a Native American Lakota Sioux medicine man on the battlefield at the site of the Wounded Knee Massacre, Wounded Knee Creek, Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota. The body has clenched arms and is posed with a rifle. (Jan.3, 1891)
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21. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
· From Lakota men, women and children were killed, as well as approximately 30 soldiers.
The Last of the Sioux (3:48)
Lakota Sioux witness American Horse:
“A mother was shot down with her infant; the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing... The women as they were fleeing with their babies were killed together... and after most of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed or wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Little boys... came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there.”
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22. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
A civilian burial party and U.S. Army officers pose over a mass grave trench with bodies of Native American Lakota Sioux killed at Wounded Knee, Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota. (January 3, 1891)
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
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23. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Chief Joseph
· The Nez Percés tribe was ordered onto a reservation in Idaho.
· Chief Joseph refused and fled with his tribe.
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24. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
“You might as well expect all rivers to run backward as that any man who was born a free man should be contented penned up and denied liberty to go where he pleases. If you tie a horse to a stake, do you expect he will grow fat? If you pen an Indian up on a small spot of earth and compel him to stay there, he will not be contented nor will he grow and prosper. I have asked some of the Great White Chiefs where they get their authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in one place, while he sees white men going where they please. They cannot tell me.
Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
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25. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Let me be a free man, free to travel, free to stop, free to work, free to trade where I choose, free to choose my own teachers, free to follow the religion of my fathers, free to talk, think and act for myself -- and I will obey every law or submit to the penalty.
Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other then we shall have no more wars. We shall be all alike -- brothers of one father and mother, with one sky above us and one country around us and one government for all.” – Chief Joseph, Washington, D.C., 1879
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26. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
“It is cold, and we have not blankets. The children are freezing to death…"Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." - Chief Joseph
· Soldiers caught up to the tribe and forced them to surrender.
· Chief Joseph became known for his eloquent quotations on the plight of the Native Americans.
Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce' War (5:48)
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27. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
Terms of the Dawes Act
1. Divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe.
2. Each family head received 160 acres.
3. Once land was distributed to Native Americans, any surplus was sold to white settlers with the profits of those sales going to Native American schools.
4. To keep the Native Americans' land from falling into the hands of speculators, the federal government held it in trust for 25 years.
5. Finally, American citizenship was granted to Native Americans who accepted their land, lived apart from the tribe, and adopted the habits of “civilized life.”
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28. Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture.
· The Dawes Act encouraged Native Americans to become farmers*.
* This went against the culture of the Plains Indians and opened up the Indian Territory for American settlement.
What is it about farming that went against the culture of the Plains tribes: land ownership, stay in place, break up tribes, become “American”.
The Dawes Act was the major Indian policy until the 1930’s
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