1. Ms. Carey Orientation to Health occupations
Infection Control
Ms. Carey
Orientation to Health occupations
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2. Understanding the principles of infection control
Healthcare workers must understand the basic principles of infection control to protect themselves and their patients. They must know how disease is transmitted and how to prevent disease transmission.
A microorganism is a small, living organism that is not visible to the naked eye. You must use a microscope to see them.
Found everywhere in the environment
Found on and in the human body
Many are part of normal flora of body and mAy be beneficial to your health

3. Microorganisms (also called microbes)
Found everywhere in the environment
Found on and in the human body
-Nonpathogens – beneficial to the human body
-Pathogens – cause infection or disease
Most need warm, dark, moist environments
Some need oxygen (aerobic) and some do not (anaerobic)
The human body is the perfect environment for
microorganisms to LIVE

4. Classification of microorganisms
Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Rickettsiae
Viruses

5. bacteria Simple one-celled Plantlike organisms Multiply rapidly
Classified by shape and arrangement
-cocci – round in shape (figure 13-1)
in pairs – diplococci (pneumonia)
in chains – streptococcus (strep throat)
In clusters – staphylococci (pus-producing,
like boils, skin, and wound infections)

6. Bacteria cont’d -Bacilli are rod shaped (Figure 13.2)
Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains
May have flagella (like tails)
Ability to form spores (thick walled capsules) which make them hard to kill
Cause diseases like tuberculosis, tetanus, botulism, typhoid

7. Bacteria cont’d Spirilla - spiral or corkscrew shape (Figure 13-3)
-cause syphilis and cholera

8. Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria
Some have become antibiotic-resistant. When bacteria become antibiotic resistant, antibiotics are no longer effective.

9. protozoa One-celled, animal-like organisms (figure 13-4)
Found in decayed materials and contaminated water
May have flagella for movement
Some are pathogenic – harmful, causing disease
Examples: malaria, trichomonas, amebic dysentery

10. Fungi Simple, plant-like organisms Live on dead organic matter
Yeast and molds
Can be pathogenic
Examples: ringworm. Athlete’s foot, thrush (fig 13-5)

11. rickettsiae
Parasitic microorganisms - Cannot live outside the cells of another living organism
Transmitted to humans by the bites of insects (e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, mites)
Examples: Rocky Mountain spotted fever

12. viruses Smallest microorganisms -Must use electron microscope to see
Must be inside another living cell to reproduce
Spread by blood and body secretions
Very difficult to kill – they are resistant to many disinfectants
antibiotics will not kill viruses
Cause many diseases – common cold, measles, mumps, chicken pox, herpes, warts, the flu, polio, Ebola, hepatitis a, b, and c
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13. Viruses – hepatitis b Caused by HBV
Transmitted by blood, serum, and body secretions
Affects the liver
Vaccine available for protection
Vaccine is expensive – it’s a series of three shots
OSHA states that By law, Health care workers who may be exposed to blood or body fluids must be offered the vaccine for free from their employers
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14. Hepatitis c Caused by HCV
Transmitted by blood and blood-containing body fluids
Many infected individuals are asymptomatic (have no symptoms)
Others have mild symptoms – like the flu
Can cause severe liver damage
Currently, no vaccine is ready for use
Vaccine is in development stage
Very hard to kill – can survive in dried blood for several days
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15. Aids – acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Suppresses the immune system
Individual becomes susceptible to cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person
No cure and no vaccine
Take precautions for prevention
Transmitted through blood and bodily fluids
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16. Types of infections Infections and diseases are classified as:
Endogenous - one that originates within the body (tumors, heart disease, diabetes, etc...)
Exogenous – one that originates outside the body (pathogenic organisms – germs, radiation, trauma, electric shock, etc…)
Nosocomial – an infection that is acquired in a health care Facility (such as a hospital or nursing home). They are transmitted by health care workers to the patient
Opportunistic – occur when the body’s defenses are weak, such as with HIV

17. Chain of infection Organism – the pathogen (the bacteria or virus)
Reservoir – the area the bacteria or virus lives (human body, fomites, animals, the environment)
A fomite is an object that is contaminated with a pathogen, like a
doorknob, bedpan, desk, textbook (yuck!)
Portal of exit – a way for the pathogen to escape (urine, blood, draining wounds, saliva, droplets from a sneeze, eTC…)
transmission – a way the pathogen can be transmitted (person-to- person, bug bite, touching contaminated objects unwashed hands!)
Portal of entry – a way for a pathogen to enter the new reservoir or host
breaks in the skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract, mucous membranes
Vulnerable host – person likely to get an infection, usually because their body defenses are weak.

19. How to break the chain of infection
If you can eliminate any part of the chain, the spread of disease or infection will be stopped
What are some ways you can break the chain of infection?
* Handwashing – most effective method of
Breaking the chain of infection
*Immunizations
*Proper disposal of contaminated objects
*proper food handling
*wearing proper personal protective
Equipment (PPE)
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20. aseptic techniques Pathogens are everywhere
Contaminated means that pathogens and organisms are present
Asepsis is the absence of disease causing microorganisms, or pathogens
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21. Common aseptic techniques include:
Handwashing
Good personal hygiene
Use of disposable gloves
Proper cleaning of instruments and equipment
Thorough cleaning of the environment
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22. Aseptic techniques cont’d
Antisepsis—can be used on the skin – the use of antiseptics to prevent or inhibit growth of pathogenic organisms. Not effective on spores or viruses.
Examples of Antiseptics are Listerine, alcohol, iodine, hydrogen peroxide.
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23. Disinfection—used mainly on objects, can damage or irritate skin
Disinfection—used mainly on objects, can damage or irritate skin. Process that destroys or kills pathogenic organisms. Not always effective on spores or viruses (Does not kill all micro-organisms – 99.99%)
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24. Sterilization—use of steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals on objects. This process destroys all microorganisms
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25. Standard precautions
Standard precautions were developed by the CDC – the Centers for disease control and prevention.
Standard precautions state that you should treat all body fluids (except sweat) and all patients as infectious.

26. Bloodborne Pathogens hepatitis c hiv
Bloodborne pathogens are pathogens that are spread through blood and body fluids. The three bloodborne pathogens that health care workers must protect themselves from are:
Hepatitis B
hepatitis c
hiv
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27. PPE Personal protective equipment Gloves gown goggles (protective eyewear) mask
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28. Sharps container
To protect themselves from contact with sharp objects that may be contaminated with pathogens, health care workers dispose of sharp objects in a sharps container which has hard, rigid sides, which sharp objects cannot penetrate.
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29. All infectious waste must be placed in a biohazardous waste bag.
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30. Bloodborne pathogens standard
Osha sets standards that must be followed by health care facilities to protect its workers. Three of these standards are:
They must provide PPE
They must provide yearly training
They must provide the hepatitis b vaccine at no cost to the employee. If the employee does not want it, they must sign a written release.
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