1. Cadet Phase I & II Aerospace Dimensions Rockets (Module 4)
Session 1:
Chapter 1 ‘History of Rockets’
Chapter 2 ‘Rocket Principles’
Chapter 3 ‘Rocket Systems and Controls’
(ONLY for all Cadets that have not yet passed corresponding AE test, and Cadet Mentors)
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

2. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
400BC - Archytas (Greek) built a hollow wooden pigeon, which ‘flew’ along a wire, propelled by escaping steam
100BC - Hero (Greek) developed the first Rocket Engine (Steam Powered Sphere)
~ 100 AD - Chinese developed Gunpowder, and Fireworks
~ 1200 AD - Chinese Fireworks attached to arrows to make the first Military Rocket
13th to 15th Centuries AD -
Roger Bacon (English): made better gunpowder, which increased a rocket’s range
Jean Froissart (French): launched rockets through tubes to increase accuracy (early bazooka)
17th Century AD - Sir Isaac Newton (English): developed scientific laws of motion, which provided the basis for further advancements, which are still in use today
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

3. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
18th and 19th Century AD:
Colonel William Congreve (English) - British Artillery Officer who developed practical military rockets, with a range of up to 3,000 yards (previous rockets only traveled about 200 yards)
These were used with great success in battle, including against American troops at Fort McHenry, and were the inspiration for the ‘Rocket’s Red Glare’ and ‘Bombs Bursting in Air’ in the US National Anthem!
William Hale (English) - developed the technique of ‘Spin Stabilization’ which significantly increased the accuracy of rockets
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Russian) - Proposed space exploration using rockets (father of modern astronautics)
Proposed using Liquid Propellants in rockets to increase range
Stated that the Speed & Range of rockets was only limited by the velocity of the escaping gases
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

4. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
20th Century (1st half):
Dr. Robert H. Goddard (American) - Conducted many experiments with rockets, first Solid Fueled, later Liquid Fueled
‘Father of Modern Rocketry’
Achieved the first successful flight of a Liquid Fueled Rocket in 1926
Developed a Gyroscope for flight control
Developed a Payload Compartment
Developed a Parachute recovery System
Believed that Multi-Stage Rockets were the answer for high altitude rocketry
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

5. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
Herman Oberth (German) - wrote a book on rocket travel into space, which inspired the creation of rocket societies around the world
Werner von Braun (German) - Directed the development of the German Guided Missile the ‘V2’, which was used against London in WWII
After the war, von Braun and many of his colleagues emigrated to the US, and did important work for the US Army missile program, and later NASA
Some of the German Rocket scientists also ‘emigrated’ to the USSR and worked on the Soviet missile/rocket program
Sergei Korolev (Russian) - Chief Designer of the Soviet Ballistic Missile and Rocket program
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

6. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
The Space Race:
The USA and USSR competed to be the ‘first’ in missiles and space achievements, and both won parts of the race:
Oct USSR launched First artificial satellite: Sputnik 1
Jan , USA launched first American satellite: Explorer 1
Oct 1958, NASA created, and military rocketry taken over by DoD
April USSR launched first man into space: Yuri Gagarin
May USA launched first American into space (sub-orbital): Alan Shepard, in a Mercury capsule atop a Redstone Rocket (the Launch Vehicle)
Feb USA launched first American to orbit the earth (4 orbits): John Glenn, in a Mercury capsule atop a Atlas Rocket
More powerful Atlas versions were built, culminating in the Atlas Centaur
The Gemini program (USA) carried two crew members at a time into orbit, aboard a Gemini capsule, atop a Titan II rocket
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

7. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
Then the Saturn program produced the more powerful Saturn 1B, 2 stage liquid fueled rocket
Oct 1968, THREE astronauts (USA) were launched into orbit, aboard an Apollo capsule, atop a Saturn 1B rocket
20th July USA put two men on the Moon
Neil Armstrong stepped onto the moon from the lunar lander ‘Eagle’ accompanied by Buzz Aldrin, with Michael Collins orbiting overhead in the command module
This was the Apollo 11 mission, delivered into space by the HUGE Saturn V rocket
19th April USSR launched the first Space Station Salyut 1
1973 the US launched the first American space station, Skylab, using a Saturn 1B rocket
Longest Skylab mission lasted 84 days
The Apollo program included a docking in orbit between a US and a Soviet spacecraft in July 1975 (Apollo/Soyuz)
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

8. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
Space Shuttle
US partially reusable launch vehicle
First flight into space: 4th Dec 1981, John Young (Pilot) and Bob Crippen (Commander)
Obiter space plane - liquid fueled rockets, payload carrier, capsule and reentry vehicle combined
External Fuel tank - disposable Liquid Fuel (Hydrogen/Oxygen) container
Solid rocket Boosters (SRBs), ‘strap-on’ extra thrust rockets necessary for launch - recovered at sea and refurbished
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

9. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
History of Rockets
Important Names (Quiz):
Neil Armstrong
Roger Bacon
Werner von Braun
William Congreve
Jean Froissart
Yuri Gagarin
John Glenn
Robert Goddard
William Hale
Hero
Sergei Korolev
Sir Isaac Newton
Hermann Oberth
Alan Shepard
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Skylab
Space Shuttle
Sputnik 1
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

10. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
Rocket Principles
Principles
A rocket is a chamber enclosing a gas under pressure, just like a balloon
Allow the gas to escape in one direction, and the rocket (or balloon) will move in the opposite direction
In a balloon the external (atmospheric) pressure presses on the balloon from ALL directions forcing the gas inside out through the nozzle, until inside & outside pressures are equal
The pressure inside a Rocket is produced by a chemical reaction (typically combustion), which RAPIDLY increases the pressure inside, causing exhaust gasses to rush out of the open exhaust nozzle, thus providing the Thrust or Push needed
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

11. Dr. R.A. Bartholomew - Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing
Rocket Principles
Newton’s Laws of Motion:
1st Law - ‘A body at rest remains at rest, and a body in motion, remains in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted on by an outside force’
Objects have a tendency to resist being moved, this is called Inertia
2nd Law - ‘The rate of change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force acting upon it, and is in the direction of the force’
Force = Mass x Acceleration (f=ma)
Momentum = Mass x Velocity, and indicates how hard it will be to stop a moving object
3rd Law - ‘To every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction’
e.g. the Rocket’s thrust points Backwards, but the Rocket body moves Forwards
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

12. Rocket Systems and Controls
Rocket Systems (4 major systems):
Airframe - Outer form of the rocket
Provides the aerodynamic shape, contains and protects internal components, fuel tanks and payload
Must be very strong, but also light
Guidance - The ‘Brain’, generally an electronic computer, which sends steering signals to the rocket’s controls, so that it can get to its intended destination
Relatively small component
Often accessible by radio from the ground controllers
Control - Fins, Vanes and Gimbaled exhaust nozzles, that actually steer and stabilize the rocket
Payload - Whatever the rocket is carrying
e.g. People, Satellite, Warhead, Camera
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing

13. Rocket Systems and Controls
Two main types of rocket motor are Liquid Fueled, and Solid Fueled
Liquid Rockets employ for example liquid hydrogen and oxygen, which ignite in the combustion chamber to produce thrust
Solid Rockets contain solid fuel and if they go to space, a solid oxidizer
Once lit, a Solid rocket cannot be stopped
Dr. R.A. Bartholomew Civil Air Patrol, New Jersey Wing