1. Section 1: Organisms and Their Relationships
Biotic and abiotic factors interact in complex ways in communities and ecosystems.

2. Essential Questions
What is the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors?
What are the interactions between the levels of biological communities?
What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?
Class Activities:
Online Lab–Exploring Ecosystems
Abiotic factor-Biotic Factor Quiz
Symbiosis Homework and Quiz
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Organisms and Their Relationships

3. Vocabulary Review New species ecology biosphere biotic factor
abiotic factor
population
biological community
ecosystem
biome
habitat
niche
predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Organisms and Their Relationships
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

4. Ecology
Organisms depend on other organisms and nonliving factors in their environment for survival.
Ecology is the branch of Biology that studies relationships and interactions between organisms and their environment.
Ecologists observe, experiment, and model using a variety of tools and methods.
Organisms and Their Relationships

5. The Biosphere
The biosphere is the portion of the Earth that supports life.
Land, freshwater, saltwater, lower portions of the atmosphere, and areas beneath the Earth’s surface

6. The Biosphere Biotic Factors Abiotic Factors
Biotic factors are living factors
in an organism’s environment.
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic factors are the nonliving
factors in an organism’s environment.
Organisms adapt to survive in the
abiotic factors present in their natural
environment.

7. Levels of Organization
The biosphere is too large and complex to study as a whole.
Ecologist divide the biosphere into levels of organization to study.
The levels of organization are:
organism
population
biological community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere
Organisms and Their Relationships

8. Levels of Organization
Organisms, populations, and biological communities
The lowest level of organization
is an individual organism.
Organisms of a single species
that share the same geographic
location at the time make up a
population.
A biological community is a group
of interacting populations that
occupy the same geographic area
at the same time.
Organisms and Their Relationships

9. Exploring Ecosystems (In your online textbook)
Organisms and Their Relationships
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10. Ecosystem Interactions
A habitat is an area where an organism lives.
A niche is the role or position that an
organism has in its environment.

11. Community Interactions
Competition
Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time
Competition is stronger when resources are scarce.
Predation
Predation is the act of one organism pursuing and consuming another organism for food.
The organism that pursues the other is the predator, the organism being pursued is the prey.
Organisms and Their Relationships

12. Community Interactions
Symbiotic relationships
Symbiosis is the close relationship that exists when two or more species live together.
There are three types of symbiosis:
Mutualism: both organisms benefit
Commensalism: one organism benefits, the other is neither helped nor harmed
Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other

13. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary
Review
Essential Questions
What is the difference between abiotic factors and biotic factors?
What are the interactions between the levels of biological communities?
What is the difference between an organism’s habitat and its niche?
Vocabulary
ecology
biosphere
biotic factor
abiotic factor
population
biological community
ecosystem
biome
habitat
niche
predation
symbiosis
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Organisms and Their Relationships

14. Section 2 Essential Questions
What are the producers and consumers in an ecosystem?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
What are food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramid models?
Class Activities:
Constructing a Halloween Food Web
Understanding the Pyramids of Energy, Biomass, and Numbers
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem

15. Vocabulary Review New energy autotroph heterotroph herbivore carnivore
omnivore
detritivore
trophic level
food chain
food web
biomass
Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

16. Energy in an Ecosystem Autotrophs
An autotroph (producer) is an organism that uses energy from the _____ or _________________to make food.
Autotrophs are the foundation of all ecosystems because the make energy available for all other organisms.

17. Energy in an Ecosystem Heterotrophs
A heterotroph, or consumer, is an organism that gets its energy by __________ organisms.
An herbivore eats only _______
A carnivore eats _________
An omnivore eats both ______ and _______
A detritivore eats fragments of ______ matter

18. Models of Energy Flow Food chains and food webs
model the energy flow through
an ecosystem.
Each step in a food chain
or food web is called a
__________.
Organisms at each level get their energy from the __________________them.

19. Models of Energy Flow Food chains
A food chain is a simple model that shows how __________
______________________.

20. Models of Energy Flow Food webs
A food web is a model representing _____________ ___________________within an ecosystem.

21. Models of Energy Flow Ecological pyramids
An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy, biomass, or numbers of organisms at each trophic level.
Biomass is _______________________________at each trophic level.

22. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary
What are the producers and consumers in an ecosystem?
How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
What are food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramid models?
Vocabulary
autotroph
heterotroph
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
detritivore
trophic level
food chain
food web
biomass

23. Essential Questions Class Activities:
How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem?
Why are nutrients important to living organisms?
What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike?
Class Activities:
Biogeochemical Cycle Poster
Biogeochemical cycle Questions

24. Vocabulary Review New cycle matter nutrient biogeochemical cycle
nitrogen fixation
denitrification

25. Cycles in the Biosphere
Natural processes cycle matter and nutrients through the biosphere.
The cycling of nutrients through the biosphere involves both living organisms and physical processes.
The exchange of matter through the biosphere is called the _________________.
Water Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Mineral Cycle
Life Cycle
Matter is anything that takes up _______ and has ______.
A nutrient is a _________________that an organism needs to obtain from its environment in order to survive.

26. Cycles in the Biosphere
The Water Cycle
Water evaporates from bodies of water, soil, and ___________.
Water returns from the atmosphere in the form of precipitation.
All living organisms rely on fresh water, which constitutes only ____% of the water on Earth.

27. Cycles in the Biosphere
The carbon and oxygen cycles
Carbon and oxygen often make up molecules ________________.
Carbon and oxygen recycle relatively quickly through _________
_____________.
Carbon and oxygen enter a long-term cycle when ______________ ___________________________.

28. Cycles in the Biosphere
The nitrogen cycle
The conversion of nitrogen gas into a form that is useable by a plant is called nitrogen fixation.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Nitrogen returns to the atmosphere through ______________ – where bacteria convert ______ nitrogen back into nitrogen ______.

29. Cycles in the Biosphere
The Phosphorus Cycle
_____________ is essential for the growth and development of organisms.
Phosphorus cycles quickly as phosphates through __________________ ___________________________________________________________
Long-term, phosphorus is _________ or __________ from rocks and added to the cycle.

30. Review Essential Questions Vocabulary
How do nutrients move through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem?
Why are nutrients important to living organisms?
What are the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients and how are they alike?
Vocabulary
matter
nutrient
biogeochemical cycle
nitrogen fixation
denitrification
Cycling of Matter
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