1. Imperialism Mr. Marshall
Imperialism
Mr. Marshall

2. Objectives
Discuss the major factors that drove the United States imperialism.
Explain the motives of the United States’ acquisition of territories.
  Discuss the Causes, Course, and Consequences of the Spanish-American War.
What were the major factors that contributed to the United States Imperialistic movement?
What motivations and justifications explain U.S. expansion between the Civil War and World War I?
How did the United States expand its influence globally during this time period?

3. Florida’s History
By the late 19th century, Florida already had Substantial Cuban communities in Key West and other towns.
Because there was a tariff on cigars but not on tobacco, Vicente Martinez Ybor moved his cigar-making operations to Ybor City in Tampa in the 1880s.
The Cuban immigrants in Florida contributed their money and support to Jose Marti and other Cuban revolutionaries.
You have already learned how Marti gave an important speech on behalf of Cuban independence in Ybor City

4. Florida’s History
In the months before the outbreak of the Spanish American War, Floridians began to fear the bombardment of their coastal cities by Spanish forces .
The industrialist Henry Plant had already established a railroad line, a steamship line, wharves, and luxury hotels at Tampa.
Plant sent a letter to the U.S. Secretary of War, asking the government to build defensive fortifications there.
As war grew more certain, a new question arose: where should U.S. forces intended for an invasion of Cuba be based? Tampa's local press and politicians used all their influence in Washington.

5. The Spanish American war
Spain was once the greatest of all colonial empires. But from the 18th century onwards, Spanish power had been in continual decline.
By 1898, all that remained of the once great Spanish empire was Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and several smaller possessions.
That same year ,the United States went to war with Spain to liberate Cuba from Spanish rule.
Most American's thought they were fighting to help the oppressed people of Cuba, but as a result of the war, the United States acquired its own overseas empire.

6. Origins of the Spanish-American War
Most Cubans were laborers working on the sugar and tobacco plantations of wealthy landlords
Cuban revolutionary Jose Marti organized a rebellion while living in exile in the United States.
In 1891, he announced his plans to the community of Cuban cigar makers in Ybor City in Tampa.
In April l895, Marti declared Cuban independence and returned to Cuba.
Marti was killed one month later
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7. Humanitarian Concerns
Many Americans felt they had a moral obligation to intervene in Cuba.
The same Progressive impulse that had promoted reform at home now encouraged intervention abroad.
American humanitarian concerns were deliberately stirred up by "yellow journalism
Yellow journalism was a new technique for selling more newspapers by sensationalizing and even distorting news events to arouse interest and evoke sympathy.

8. Humanitarian Concerns (con’t)
In the 1890s, Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal deliberately sensationalized news from Cuba to sell more papers.
The newspaper publishers distorted events and even printed false stories of fictitious atrocities.
Hearst was able to increase his newspaper circulation substantially
Americans received an inaccurate picture of the Cuban Civil War

9. Economic Interests
U. S. government and business leaders were concerned to protect American investments in Cuba, which exceeded $50 million
They came to a conclusion/believed that this was affecting the American Trade.
American businessmen even thought that American intervention in Cuba might lead to new business opportunities after the war

10. Imperial Interests
Before the Civil War, some Americans had expressed their desire to annex Cuba
In 1854, the U.S. minister to Spain discussed the possible purchase of Cuba with Spanish officials.
Southerners believed that adding Cuba to the Union as a large territory with slaves might counter-balance the admission of new free states.
The minister's report back to Washington D.C. caused a sensation among Northerners when it appeared in American newspapers as the "Ostend Manifesto?'

11. The Triggering Events: The De Lome Letter and the Explosion of the Maine
February 1898, a letter by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish ambassador to the United States, was published in the Hearst press.
The letter caused a public outcry for calling President McKinley "weak:' It indicated that the Spaniards were not being totally honest in their negotiations with the United States over events in Cuba.
This leak was followed almost immediately by the explosion of the American battleship US.S. Maine in Havana Harbor in Cuba.

12. The Triggering Events: The De Lome Letter and the Explosion of the Maine
The Maine had been sent to Havana to protect American lives and property.
Historians still do not know why the ship exploded, but the Hearst press immediately blamed Spain for an act of sabotage.
The De Lome letter and sinking of the Maine so inflamed public opinion that President McKinley found it hard to resist the outcry for war.

13. The Course and Consequences of the War
The Spanish-American War lasted only four months.
The technological superiority of the U.S. Navy assured an early victory.
American land forces overwhelmed Spanish troops on Cuba
. Theodore Roosevelt, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, resigned his post and gathered a group of volunteers, known as the "Rough Riders?' Roosevelt arranged for these volunteers to serve along with regular army units.

14. The Course and Consequences of the War
Most of the "Rough Riders" take San Juan Hill
Rough Riders were recruited in Texas and the Southwest. From there, they took a train to Tampa, Florida, where they waited for orders to embark for Cuba.
About one-third of the Rough Riders remained in Tampa for the course of the war; the rest sailed from Tampa to Cuba, where they fought in several battles.
Under Roosevelt's command, they led a famous cavalry charge against Spanish artillery up San Juan Hill.

15. The Debate over Imperial Expansion
Imperialism is the rule of one country by another.
Most Americans had traditionally opposed imperialism.
As citizens of a former colony that had won its independence, they felt they should not impose colonial rule on others. The rule of one country by another was simply seen as a violation of the democratic principles upon which America was based.
Many Americans also feared that the acquisition of colonies would drag them into conflicts with other imperial powers.

16. Teller amendment
Anti-imperialist sentiment was still strong in the United States in 1898.
For example, in authorizing the Spanish-American War, Congress had passed the Teller Amendment.
This was an amendment by Congress to its original declaration of war, promising that the United States would not annex Cuba, even if it won the war.
It received overwhelming support in the House of Representatives.

17. The Logic of Imperialism
Aftermath of the Spanish-American War, The United States became an imperial power.
Some Americans opposed ratification of the Treaty of Paris, the peace treaty with Spain ending the war, since its terms made the United States an imperial power.
The rise of industry had created new needs.
1mperialists argued that colonies could provide raw materials for American factories and guarantee markets for American manufactured goods.
The expansion of American industry thus propelled the United States overseas.

18. The Logic of Imperialism (con’t)
Farmers hoped to sell their surplus crops to colonial populations.
Imperial expansion seemed all the more necessary because high protective tariffs limited trade among the industrialized countries.
A colonial empire would provide Americans with a protected market for trade

19. New Technological Capabilities
The steamboat, railroad, improved rifle, machine gun, telegraph, and telephone, as well as better medicines, made it possible to colonize many new areas, especially in the Tropics

20. The Importance of Naval Power
The most influential imperialist thinker, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, published his book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History in 1890.
Mahan believed that it was sea power that made a nation truly great. He urged the United States to increase its wealth and power by developing a strong navy.
the United States also needed a large fleet of merchant ships and overseas colonies.
The navy would safeguard ocean-shipping lanes to protect the country's colonies and merchant fleet.

21. William McKinley
William McKinley served in the U.S. Congress and as governor of Ohio before running for the presidency in 1896.
As a longtime champion of protective tariffs, the Republican McKinley ran on a platform of promoting American prosperity and won a landslide victory over Democrat William Jennings Bryan to become the 25th president of the United States.
In 1898, McKinley led the nation into war with Spain over the issue of Cuban independence; the brief and decisive conflict ended with the U.S. in possession of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam.
In general, McKinley’s bold foreign policy opened the doors for the United States to play an increasingly active role in world affairs.
Reelected in 1900, McKinley was assassinated by a deranged anarchist in Buffalo, New York, in September 1901.

22. Theodore Roosevelt
Worked on American strategic security (Strategic imperialism)
Roosevelt is great diplomat with a keen understanding of the nations worldwide interests
U.S. has emerged on the world scene and a military and economic powerhouse second only to great Britain
Roosevelt kept on good terms with the British • For the first time in its history the united states took on a global role
American wiled influence around the world
The navy sailed the seas o American economic interests spanned the globe

23. William Howard Taft
Taft and Wilson used the United States and its power to promote American business abroad
This was especially marketed towards Asia and Latin American
Government Department heads were told to find new markets and ways to increase profits for American businesses
This is called “dollar diplomacy”
Some people saw this development as evidence that Government was being controlled by big business because the government used its power to push America corporations onto other countries
Others saw this as way to project American power and pride using American businesses (instead of military or diplomacy)

24. Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson ( ), the 28th U.S. president, served in office from to 1921 and led America through World War I ( ).
An advocate for democracy and world peace, Wilson is often ranked by historians as one of the nation’s greatest presidents.
Wilson was a college professor, university president and Democratic governor of New Jersey before winning the White House in 1912.
Once in office, he pursued an ambitious agenda of progressive reform that included the establishment of the Federal Reserve and Federal Trade Commission.
Wilson tried to keep the United States neutral during World War I but ultimately called on Congress to declare war on Germany in 1917.
After the war, he helped negotiate a peace treaty that included a plan for the League of Nations. Although the Senate rejected U.S. membership in the League, Wilson received the Nobel Prize for his peacemaking efforts.

25. The Importance of Naval Power (con’t)
The key to world power thus lay in overseas colonies, strategic naval bases, a large merchant marine, and a powerful navy.
Mahan recommended that the United States build a canal through Panama, annex colonies in the Pacific and Caribbean to serve as naval bases, and develop greater trade with East Asia.
Mahan's most famous disciple, Theodore Roosevelt, put much of Mahan's program into effect during his Presidency

26. Competition with the European Powers
In the 1880s and 1890s, European powers were carving up Africa, Asia, and the Pacific into colonies and "spheres of influence.
American imperialists urged the United States to follow suit and to grab some territories of its own before nothing was left.
Clipper ships and steamships brought tea and other goods from China and the rest of East Asia to the United States.
Colonies in the Pacific like the Philippines and Hawaii could help to protect America's growing trade with Asia.

27. A Golden Opportunity
Imperialists argued that the final collapse of the Spanish empire had created a "golden opportunity' for the United States by placing these last Spanish possessions in America's lap.
President McKinley reasoned in the following way in deciding the fate of the Philippines: he could not return them to Spain or give them to any other European power; at the same time, the Filipinos did not appear to be ready for self-government.
McKinley concluded that the United States had no choice but to assume control over the Philippines itself.

28. The New "Manifest Destiny"
The United States had already expanded from the Atlantic to the Pacific Coast. So the earlier ideal of Manifest Destiny seemed to have been fulfilled.
"Manifest Destiny" took on a whole new meaning: it became America's divine mission, not simply to reach the shores of the Pacific

29. Social Darwinists
Social Darwinists borrowed their ideas from Charles Darwin's theory of evolution.
They believed in the "survival of the fittest" and in the superior nature of the most powerful-not only among plants and animals- but also among human racial groups and social classes.
Such beliefs reinforced popular racist attitudes.
There was also a strong humanitarian impulse behind these beliefs.
Many Americans genuinely wanted to help other peoples around the world.

30. The Anti-Imperialist Argument
These anti imperialists felt that imperialism-the rule of one people by another-was immoral and went against the most basic values of American democracy
Some dreaded negative economic repercussions.
Labor leader Samuel Gompers feared colonies would become a source of cheap labor, leading to lower wages in the United States.
The industrialist Andrew Carnegie was a pacifist and thought that the possession of colonies would lead to rivalry and armed conflict with other imperial powers.

31. The Philippines
When the Spanish-American War broke out, Filipino rebels were already at war with Spain.
They were bitterly disappointed when McKinley decided to annex the Philippines instead of granting them their independence.
Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, rejected annexation by the United States and launched a rebellion against American rule that lasted for another three years.

32. The Philippines
The rebels used guerilla warfare against the occupiers, while American military commanders ironically used methods similar to those previously used by Spain in Cuba, such as burning villages.
The war against the Filipino rebels actually cost more in money and lives than the shorter Spanish American War.
As many as 200,000 Filipinos may have died from warfare and disease. Filipino forces were only finally defeated in 1902.
Afterwards, the United States built roads, hospitals, and schools in the Philippines. The Jones Act gave Filipinos the right to elect both houses of their own legislature in 1916, and promised eventual independence.

33. Hawaii
Hawaii is an archipelago (a chain of islands) in the Pacific Ocean.
It provided a useful coaling station on trips from the United States to East Asia. In the mid-nineteenth century
Hawaiians had welcomed American settlers, who built sugar and pineapple plantations and then imported Chinese and Japanese laborers.
By the 1880s, however, native Hawaiians and American plantation owners were coming into increasing conflict.
Wealthy American landowners forced the King of Hawaii to accept a constitution that gave only property owners like themselves the right to vote. I

34. HAWAII (con‘t)
In 1893, a new ruler, Queen Liliuokalani, tried to take back political power. She announced that she would issue a new constitution.
The American minister to Hawaii and leading American landowners, with the help of the U.S. Marines, seized power.
The Americans formed a provisional government and asked for Hawaii to be annexed by the United States.

35. Other Pacific Islands: Guam, Samoa, and Midway
In these years, Americans also acquired a number of 2 smaller islands in the Pacific.
Midway had been an American possession since 1867.
Guam was taken from Spain after the Spanish-American War. Samoa c-1' o was placed under the joint control of Britain, many and the United States in 1889.
In 1899, it was o divided between Germany and the United States.
These islands provided valuable coaling stations for American ships sailing to Asia, where they could obtain coal, fresh water, food and other supplies.

36. Puerto rico
Puerto Rico also became an American possession after the Spanish-American War. It was not until that Puerto Rico became a self-governing "Commonwealth”.
Today, the United States provides for the island's defense and sets its foreign policy.
Puerto Ricans themselves have rejected both total independence and statehood.
They enjoy rights of unrestricted immigration to the United States.

37. Cuba: An Informal Protectorate
When President McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war against Spain in 1898, he promised to establish "a stable government" in Cuba .
Congress responded with a joint resolution authorizing him to use force against Spain but promising "recognition of the independence of the people of Cuba" when the war was over.
Senator Henry Teller proposed a further amendment to this resolution, promising that the United States had no "intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over [Cuba] except for pacification thereof:' and that when the war was over, the United States would "leave the government and control of the island to its people:' Both Houses of Congress passed the Teller Amendment, ensuring that the United States would not annex Cuba after the war.

38. Cuba(con’t)
Cuba was not annexed and Cubans were given their independence once Spain was defeated.
For three years after the Spanish-American War, American forces actually remained on Cuban soil. They created sanitation systems, trained a local police force, and gave voting rights to male Cubans meeting certain property qualifications.
In 1901, both Houses of Congress passed the Platt Amendment, which replaced the Teller Amendment. The Platt Amendment stated the conditions for the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Cuba.
Cubans were also forced to agree to the Platt Amendment, which passed the Cuban Assembly by a vote of 16 to 11 and became a part of the Cuban Constitution in 1902.
The Platt Amendment stated that Cuba would place naval bases at the disposal of the United States and not borrow any amounts from foreign countries that they could not repay
. The Platt Amendment further gave Americans the right to intervene in Cuban affairs at any time. Indeed, American troops were sent back to Cuba as early as 1906

39. The Virgin Islands
The United States completed its acquisitions in the Caribbean by purchasing several of the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917.
In the years after the Spanish-American War, the focus of American foreign policy was mainly on developing advantageous commercial relations with East Asia and Latin America, strengthening America's hold over its new colonies, and building a canal in Central America

40. American and Trade with East Asia
The United States was in an advantageous location for trade with East Asia.
Only the Pacific Ocean separated this region from the West Coast of the United 'g. States.
In the late 19th century, Americans developed an active trade with China and Japan.
Other 8 Asian territories, like the Dutch East were important sources of spices, rubber and other goods

41. American and Trade with East Asia
Control of the Philippines transformed the United States into an important power in the Pacific.
Midway, Hawaii, Guam, and Samoa provided naval bases and coaling stations for ships going back and forth to East Asia.

42. The "Open Door" Policy in China, 1899
American leaders were especially concerned that European powers claiming exclusive "spheres of influence" in China would cut off American trade.
U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major European powers in 1899, proposing equal trading rights for all foreign nations throughout China.
Although the other powers gave evasive replies, Hay declared that his "Open Door" policy was now in effect.

43. The "Open Door" Policy in China, 1899
Only months after Hay declared the "Open Door" policy, the Boxer Rebellion erupted in China.
The "Boxers" were groups of Chinese opposed to foreign influence in China.
During their rebellion, the Boxers murdered Chinese Christians and threatened the lives of foreigners in China.
An international military expedition, in which the United States participated, put down the rebellion and saved the foreign inhabitants of Beijing

44. The "Open Door" Policy in China, 1899
Americans feared that European and Japanese intervention in China would lead to dismemberment of the country.
Hay announced that the United States would oppose any attempts to divide up China.
Partly because of Hay's efforts, Chinese territorial integrity was preserved.

45. The "Opening" of Japan
In 1822, a young naval officer named Matthew Perry was the first to sail to Key West and to plant the American flag there after the U.S. acquisition of Florida from Spain.
Just over thirty years later, Commodore Perry entered Tokyo Bay with U.S. gunships and opened up isolationist Japan to Western trade.
Fearing the fate of China, Japanese leaders made Japan the first nonWestern country to. adopt Western ways and industrialize.
By the 1890s, Japanese leaders were seeking to make their country an imperialist power in its own right.

46. The "Opening" of Japan
They were anxious to sell their industrial goods, to obtain raw materials, and to find a home for their surplus population on the Asian mainland.
Japan challenged and defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War ( ), allowing it to take both Taiwan and Korea away from Chinese rule.
Japan next surprised the Western world by defeating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War ( ).
President Theodore Roosevelt accepted a Japanese invitation to mediate the conflict.

47. The "Opening" of Japan
Roosevelt persuaded both sides to agree to the terms of the Treaty of Portsmouth (1905), and won the Nobel Peace Prize for his work.
Nonetheless, many Japanese an:d Russian leaders felt Roosevelt had treated them unfairly.
Bad feelings between the United States and Japan increased in 1907 when Roosevelt negotiated the "Gentlemen's Agreement" to reduce immigration from Japan.
Japanese leaders were unhappy at the treatment of Japanese immigrants and agreed to let only the most qualified Japanese- rather than workers- emigrate to the United States.

48. The United States and Latin America The Panama Canal
The Spanish-American War had demonstrated the importance of building a canal in Central America connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Without all around South America if it had needed to come to the aid of the Pacific fleet in the Philippines.
By 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt therefore decided it was essential to build a canal across the Isthmus of Panama, then a part of Colombia.
The United States offered $10 million and an annual fee to Colombia for a strip of land on which to build the canal. Colombians wanted more money, however, and delayed.

49. The United States and Latin America The Panama Canal
Roosevelt then struck a deal with rebels in Colombia who were attempting to establish a new country in Panama.
A U.S. warship prevented the Colombian government from suppressing the rebellion in Panama, while Roosevelt immediately gave Panama diplomatic recognition.
In return, the new nation of Panama agreed to give the United States complete control over a 10-mile strip running through the center of Panama, known as the "Panama Canal Zone;' for building the canal.

50. The United States and Latin America The Panama Canal
Colombia and other Latin American countries were greatly angered by Roosevelt's high- handed and self-serving policies.
Roosevelt ordered the construction of the canal almost at once. It was a monumental undertaking, requiring engineers and workers to cut through hills and jungle.
There were a large number of difficulties.
The tropical jungles of Panama were home to mosquitoes carrying malaria and yellow fever.
American engineers had to drain swamps and spray insecticides. Next, American engineers rebuilt the

51. The United States and Latin America The Panama Canal
Next, American engineers rebuilt the Panama Railway to carry equipment for constructing the canal.
Modern steam shovels and other expensive equipment were used to build a reservoir and locks at each end of the canal to raise ships over the highlands and lower them back downsea level.
Ships crossing the canal today sail into a lock, which is then filled with water to raise the ship.
At the other end of the canal, locks are drained to lower the ship. The Panama Canal took more than ten years to complete, costing thousands oflives and $400 million.

52. The "Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Almost a century earlier, President Monroe had announced the Monroe Doctrine in He had stated that the United States would oppose any attempt by European Powers to establish new colonies in the Western Hemisphere.
In the late 19th century, American governments extended the meaning of the Monroe Doctrine.
In 1904, when the Dominican Republic owed debts to European countries, President Roosevelt refused to let those countries use force to collect them

53. The "Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Instead, Roosevelt declared that the United States would intervene and collect the debts for them, acting as an "international police powd' Roosevelt took over collection of the Dominican Republic's customs, turning more than half the receipts over to foreign creditors.
This approach became known as the "Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine:' Because Roosevelt's motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick; it also became known as the "Big Stick'' policy

54. Taft and "Dollar Diplomacy"
Roosevelt's successor, President Taft, encouraged American bankers to invest in the countries of the Caribbean.
Whenever Latin American countries became unable to repay these loans, the United States sent in troops to ensure that the money was collected.
American bankers lent money to Nicaragua, for example, to help that country pay its foreign debts.
In return, the Nicaraguan government promised to give American bankers control over Nicaraguan railroads, customs duties, and the national bank.

55. Taft and "Dollar Diplomacy"
When Nicaraguans refused to carry out this arrangement, Taft sent in the U.S. Marines to enforce it.
Taft's use of American investment to promote American foreign policy objectives became known as "Dollar Diplomacy.

56. Wilson and Mexico: "Watchful Waiting"
As a Democrat, Woodrow Wilson had opposed the imperialist policies of the three previous Republican Presidents-McKinley, Roosevelt, and Taft. But once he became President, Wilson similarly ended up intervening in Haiti, Nicaragua, and the Dominican Republic.
Wilson even added to the American colonial empire by purchasing the Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917.
Wilson became especially involved in the affairs of Mexico. Many of his closest advisors, such as Colonel Edward House, were Texans with business experience in Mexico.

57. Wilson and Mexico: "Watchful Waiting"
The Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz had been overthrown by moderate revolutionaries in 1910.
The new democratic government of Mexico faced immense difficulties, including local revolts.
In February 1913, General Huerta and the Mexican army turned against the elected government and murdered its leaders.

58. Wilson and Mexico: "Watchful Waiting"
Huerta established a new government, but Wilson lomatic recognition to it. Wilson announced he would only recognize democratically elected governments, not governments established by murder.
Wilson's policy of waiting to see what would happen became known as "watchful waiting:'
In 1914, Wilson sent troops to the Mexican port of Vera Cruz to prevent Germans from landing arms there for General Huerta.
Later in 1914, Huerta finally resigned and fled to Spain. Wilson immediately recognized the new government.

59. Wilson and Mexico: "Watchful Waiting"
This annoyed Pancho Villa, a Mexican rebel leader who feared the new government would not help the Mexican peasants.
In 1916, Villa's rebel troops murdered a small band of American workers in Mexico.
Then they crossed over the border and attacked a town in the United States. Wilson reacted to these events by sending U.S. troops into Mexico under the command of General Pershing. They remained almost a year but never caught Pancho Villa. Wilson finally
withdrew American forces from Mexico in 1917, when the threat of involvement in World War I overshadowed the difficulties in Mexico.

60. Long term effects
Western culture continued to influence much of the world
transportation, education, and medical care were improved, resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalist movements, and many economies became based on single cash crops grown for export
Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule, local economies became dependent on industrialized powers, some nations introduced changes to meet imperialists challenges, individuals and groups resisted European domination, western culture spread to new regions, traditional political units were disrupted or destroyed, and famines occurred in lands where farmers grew export crops for imperialist nations in place of food for local use

61. vocabulary