1. Skeletal System

2. Functions of the skeletal system
Framework
Support/protect internal organs
Body movement
Provides leverage for lifting and movement through the attachment of muscles
Produce blood cells
Red blood cells and some white blood cells
Stores the majority of the body’s calcium supply

3. Bone Composition & Growth
Osteoblasts:
Cells in bone tissue produce new cells
Osteoclasts:
Cells that break bone cells down
Resorption

4. Accessory Structures Cartilage: Ligaments Tendons
Fibrous connective tissue
On end surfaces to prevent friction
Ligaments
Sheet of fibrous tissue
Attaches bone to bone
Tendons
Attaches muscle to bone

5. Bone Tissue Compact bone Cancellous Hard dense part of bone
Loosely packed or spongy

6. Axial skeleton
Consists of
Skull
Spinal column
Ribs
sternum

7. Appendicular skeleton
Upper extremities
Shoulder
Arms
Forearms
Wrists
Hands
Lower extremities
Hips
Thighs
Legs
Ankles
feet
Pelvis

8. Four groups of bone Long Short Length is greater than the width Femur
Blocky bones
Similar length/width
Wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal ) bones

9. Four groups of bone Flat Irregular
Composed of two layers with spongy bone between them
scapula and skull
Irregular
Bones of complex shape and structure
Facial and vertebrae bones

10. Bones of the Skull Cranium: encloses the brain (skull) Frontal
forehead
Parietal
Roof and upper sides of cranium
Occipital
Posterior floor and walls of cranium
Temporal
Sides and base of cranium

11. Bones of the Skull Mandible Maxilla Lower jaw bone Only moveable bone
Upper jaw bone

12. Thorax Rib cage True ribs False ribs Floating ribs Ribs Sternum
Thoracic vertebra
True ribs
Attached to sternum
False ribs
Attached to ribs above
Floating ribs
Attached to vertebrae only

13. Spinal Column Vertebral column 26 vertebrae Types of vertebrae
Cervical-7
Neck
Thoracic-12
Chest
Lumbar-5
Lower back
Largest and strongest

14. Spinal Column Sacrum Coccyx Triangular shaped Base of spine Tail bone
End of spine

15. Structures of the
Long Bone

16. Structures of bones Long Bone
Diaphysis
Long shaft of bone
Epiphysis
Ends of long bone
Medullary canal
Cavity w/in diaphysis
Contains either yellow or red marrow

17. Structures of bones Tissues of a bone Periosteum Endosteum
Outer covering of bone
Layer promote bone growth (ossification) nutrition, and repair
Endosteum
Lines medullary canal

18. Structures of bones Bone marrow Red bone marrow Yellow bone marrow
Manufactures RBCs & WBCs
Ribs, sternum, vertebrae, scapula, ends of long bones
Yellow bone marrow
Functions as fat storage

19. Blood cells Erythrocytes Leukocytes Thrombocytes Carry O2 and CO2
Fight infection
Thrombocytes
clotting

20. Articulation and Movement
Joints
Articulation and Movement

21. Joints Two or more bones join together Three types of joints:
Immovable (synarthrosis)
Cranium
Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
Pelvis
Freely movable (diarthrosis)
Elbows, knees, hips, shoulders, ankles

22. Freely Moveable Joints
Freely movable (Synovial) joints of the body
Pivot joint
Allow rotation on single axis
Base of skull
Ball and socket
allows wide range of movement in many directions
Hips and shoulders
Hinge joints
Allows movement primarily in one direction or plane (bend and straighten)
Knees and elbows

23. Freely Moveable Joints
Saddle joint
Convex and concave surface fit together
thumb
Gliding joint
Two surfaces meet with motion limited by tissues and ligaments.
Allows bone to slide
Wrist and ankle

24. Synovial fluid Fluid-filled disc Reduces friction
Lubrication for joints
Makes smooth movement of joints possible
Acts as shock absorber
Meniscus
Fluid-filled disc
Reduces friction
Bursa
Sac lined with synovial fluid
Reduces friction between structures

25. ROM Lab Flexion: Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation
bending a limb at a joint
Extension
straightening out a limb
Abduction
Movement away from body midline
Adduction
Movement toward midline of body
Rotation
Circular or semi-circular movement around an axis

26. Disorders of the
Skeletal System

27. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Osteomyelitis
Severe inflammation of bone and bone marrow, resulting from bacterial infection
Osteoporosis
Bones that have calcium and phosphorous deficiencies
Bones are very porous and fracture easily
Occurs in women as they age due to estrogen and other hormonal and mineral deficiencies

28. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joint
Bursitis
Inflammation of the bursa

29. Disorders of the Skeletal System
Gout
Accumulation of uric acid crystals in a joint
Dislocation
Separation of a joint and the malposition of an extremity
Sprain
Injury to the soft tissues of a joint, characterized by the inability to move, deformity, and pain

30. Fractures

31. Fractures Incomplete fracture Complete fracture
Fracture lines does not extend through bone or disrupt the entire thickness of bone
Complete fracture
Fracture lines goes all the way through bone

32. Fractures Comminuted fractures
Bone broken in several places and splinters of bone can be embedded in surrounding tissue

33. Fractures Compression fracture
Bone collapses due to disruption of bone tissue
Usually in short bone (vertebral bone)

34. Fractures Greenstick fracture
Incomplete break that occurs almost exclusively in children

35. Fractures Compound: Causes disruption of skin and soft tissue
Fragment of bone punctures skin
Often complicated by infection

36. Fracture treatment Reduction of fractures
Manipulation to restore correct anatomical position

37. Fracture treatment Open reduction Closed reduction
surgical incision to expose fracture site
Bone realigned and position with internal fixation (rods, plates, screws)
Closed reduction
Local or general anesthesia may be used
Manipulate bone back into normal position

38. Fracture treatment Immobilization with a cast or splint
Alleviates muscle spasm around fracture site

39. Tractions
Applies to a pin inserted through distal bone fragment and pulling forces helps return overriding one fragments to normal anatomical position
Used until healing takes place or
Until internal fixation can be performed

40. Diagnostic Tests for the
Skeletal System

41. Diagnostic Tests for bones
Bone density studies
Method of determining how porous bone is
Bone marrow biopsy
Extraction of a small amount of bone marrow for microscopic examination
Bone scan
Nuclear medicine procedure
Detects amount of radiant energy released from the medication
Allows physician to detect fractures osteoporosis, cancer, and growths

42. Diagnostic Tests for joints
Arthrogram
Injection of dye into a specific joint followed by series of x-rays
Arthroscopy
Visual examination of all aspects of a joint using special instrument that contains a light and camera
aspiration
Removal of excessive fluid from synovial space through a needle

43. The End