1. Was reconstruction a success?
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Was reconstruction a success?

2. 13th Amendmdnt
December 1865
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

3. Post-War America
Problems:

4. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s Approach
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address
Lincoln viewed South as having NEVER left the union.

5. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln’s Approach
10% Plan
Full presidential pardon for anyone who takes oath of allegiance and accepts emancipation
State government recognition when 10% take oath

6. More radical congress – Wade Davis Bill
50% oath, disenfranchisement of confederate leaders, full rights for freedmen
Pocket Veto
Was Lincoln moving toward a more radical position? How deep was the rift between the two?

7. Andrew Johnson
Jacksonian Democrat – contempt for NE elites and Southern planter class – no love for blacks (slave owner!)
Amnesty for all who take oath (except leaders need presidential pardon)
Revoke succession, repudiate debt, ratify 13th Amendment

8. Presidential Reconstruction Johnson’s Initiative
Ok at first – then Black Codes and Confederate leaders emerge
Black Codes –
Prohibit blacks from renting land or borrowing $ to buy land
Forced to sign work contracts
Prohibited from testifying against whites in court
Reaction – “who won the war”
Johnson begin vetoing measures of congress

9. Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands.
Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.
Called “carpetbaggers” by white southern Democrats.

10. Plenty to eat and nothing to do.
Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes
Plenty to eat and nothing to do.

11. Freedmen’s Bureau School

12. Presidential Reconstruction Congress v. President
Election of 1866 – Midterm Election
Radical Republicans begin 2nd round of reconstructiuon – Radical or congressional.

13. Radical Republicans Abolitionist wing of party Senate – Charles Sumner
House – Thaddeus Stevens
Goal was to remake southern society

14. Radical Reconstruction
After 1866 – South still defiant

15. Congress v. President
Johnson veto’s Freedman’s Bureau and Trumbull’s Civil Rights Bill – overridden
Civil Rights Act (1866)
Not enough?

16. 14th Amendment
Section. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

17. 14th Amendment Guarantees all people born in U.S. citizens
No state can abridge or deprive such privileges
Today, used to apply Bill of Rights to states

18. Congress Takes Command
Reconstruction Act of 1867 (over Veto)
South divided into military districts
Readmission required guaranteeing blacks right to vote and ratifying 14th Amendment

19. The Balance of Power in Congress
State
White Citizens
Freedmen SC
291,000
411,000 MS
353,000
436,000 LA
357,000
350,000 GA
591,000
465,000 AL
596,000
437,000 VA
719,000
533,000 NC
631,000
331,000

20. Black & White Political Participation

21. Impeachment
Tenure of Office Act – Required senate approval to remove any official they initially approved
Johnson removes Secretary of War, Edward M Stanton
Impeachment in House, conviction fails by 1 vote in Senate

22. The Senate Trial 11 week trial.
Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote).

23. Election of 1868 U.S. Grant Republican Nominee
Wins and maintains 2/3 of Congress

24. Waving the Bloody Shirt!
Republican “Southern Strategy”

25. 15th Amendment
The franchise cannot be denied on color or previous condition of servitude – but – leaves wiggle room for poll taxes, literacy tests etc.

26. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

27. Republican Rule in South
– States rejoin and Republicans rule
Support by blacks
Length of rule differed

28. Black Senate & House Delegates

29. Colored Rule in the South?

30. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

31. African American Leadership
Many elite’s freed before Civil War
Filled all sorts of govt. positions

32. The Radical Program
Vision an industrial South never achieved but create a far move modern egalitarian society
Education, sexes, taxes

33. Black Communities
Churches the cultural, social and political center of community
Church leaders emerge as community leaders – Church and politics inextricable

34. Sharecropping
Provided labor source for landowners and autonomy for freedmen – worked their own land and shared crop with owner
But provided little opportunity for economic betterment, VERY few made enough to purchase land.

35. Sharecropping

36. Undoing of Reconstruction
Redeemers – Democrats needed Northern acquiescence –

37. Counterrevolution KKK – Social Club to terrorist organization
Nathan Bedford Forrest
Failure of Federal Enforcement despite KKK act f 1871

38. The
Abandonment
of Reconstruction

39. Northern Support Wanes
Corruption.
Panic of 1873 [6-year depression].
Concern over westward expansion and Indian wars.
Key monetary issues:
should the government retire $432m worth of “greenbacks” issued during the Civil War.
should war bonds be paid back in specie or greenbacks.

40. 1876 Presidential Tickets

41. “Regional Balance?”

42. 1876 Presidential Election

43. The Political Crisis of 1877
“Corrupt Bargain” Part II?

44. A Political Crisis: The “Compromise” of 1877
North grow tired of reconstuction
Republicans agree to withdraw federal troops from south, Democrats allow Rutherford B. Hayes to win election

45. Hayes Prevails

46. Alas, the Woes of Childhood…
Sammy Tilden—Boo-Hoo! Ruthy Hayes’s got my Presidency, and he won’t give it to me!