1. CHAPTER 12 Reconstruction 1865-1877

3. Freedmen’s Bureau ( )
Organized under the War Department to help Southern blacks who were homeless and jobless
The Bureau
Helped find them jobs and a home
Negotiated labor contracts
Built schools and hospitals
Sherman’s Special Field Order 15
“40 acres and a mule”

4. Lincoln’s Plan Ten Percent Plan
1/10 of 1860 voters must swear an oath of allegiance
High ranking ex-Confederates would have to ask the president for a pardon
The new state constitutions must abolish slavery
Lincoln’s Second Inaugural
“With malice toward none and charity for all.”

5. Congress’s Plan Wade-Davis Bill Place the South under military rule
A majority of 1860 voters must take oath
Only those whites who did not fight voluntarily can vote/ attend their state’s constitutional conventions
New constitution must ban slavery
Former Confederate officials cannot vote

6. Congress’s Plan Lincoln will pocket-veto Wade-Davis
Passive veto / 10 days
Congress disagrees with Lincoln’s plan
10% is not harsh enough
Reconstruction was Congress’s job
Southern white electorate would become Democratic

7. Radical Republicans
Republicans in Congress that favored harsh reconstruction terms for the South and expansion of rights for those emancipated
Thaddeus Stevens, PA

8. President Andrew Johnson

9. Andrew Johnson’s Plan
Johnson believed that the small Southern farmer would remake the South into a democratic region
Amnesty offered to all former Confederates except high officials and those w/ $20,000 in property
These men could not hold state / federal office unless they ask for and receive presidential pardon
War ordinances of secession must be revoked
States must ratify 13th Amendment
Annul (cancel) Confederate war debts

10. 39th Congress No states had provided voting rights for former slaves
Former Confederate politicians elected to U.S. Congress
Alexander Stephens, GA (former VP of CSA)

11. 40th Congress Hiram Revels, Mississippi Senator
First African-American Senator

12. Black Codes
Passed by Southern legislatures in in response to the Freedmen’s Bureau and the 13th Amendment
Allowed former slaves to: marry fellow blacks, own personal property, sue and be sued
Forbade former slaves to: serve on juries, vote, carry weapons, hold public office, own land, travel without a permit, be out after curfew, assemble in groups w/out a white person present
Designed to limit the rights of freed blacks

13. Black Codes
Required a former slave to buy a license to work in a craft
Authorized the arrest and fining of unemployed blacks
Allowed for an employer to pay fines in exchange for the person’s labor

14. Civil Rights Act of 1866
Granted citizenship to all people born in the United States and gave African Americans the right to:
Testify in court
Own land
Make contracts
Exercise all the rights of white Americans

15. 14th Amendment
Johnson vetoes the Civil Rights Act, Congress overrides his veto and passes the 14th Amendment to protect the Civil Rights Act from a court battle.
Citizenship
Due process
Equal protection under the law
Targeted former Confederate officials

16. 15th Amendment
Suffrage will not be denied on the conditions of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
Gender?
Age?

17. Reconstruction Act (1867) Tennessee exempt (ratified 14th Amendment)
Military districts
10 remaining Confederate states divided into 5 military districts
U.S. Army will oversee and enforce the law / protect the rights of former slaves

20. Johnson’s Impeached
Johnson made enemies among Republicans in Congress (Radicals especially)
Congress impeaches Johnson for violating the Tenure of Office Act
President “could not remove cabinet officers…”
Edwin Stanton / U.S. Grant
Johnson escapes removal by a single vote: (35-19)

21. Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Scalawags
Southerners sympathetic to Republican Reconstruction policies
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who migrated to the South for opportunity
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming
Land owners (whites) rent land to freed African Americans. High rent kept freed blacks in a cycle of poverty

23. “Croppers”

25. Grant’s Elected
1868 US Grant is elected President of the United States
Grant’s Presidency:
Corruption
Whiskey Ring
Panic of 1873
Gvt. Securities fail
Enforcement Acts
Protection against KKK
Liberal Republican opposition
H. Greeley in 1872

26. Rise of the KKK Ku Klux Klan Formed 1866
Former Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest is the first “Grand Wizard”
KKK’s goals were to:
Restore white supremacy
Incite fear among African Americans
Obstruction of black suffrage
Destroy support for the Republican Party

28. Southern Redemption Southern Democrats take back control of the South
“Redeemers” benefitted by the actions of the KKK

30. Election of 1876
Rutherford B. Hayes defeats Samuel Tilden, Democratic Governor of New York
Hayes loses the popular vote, but wins the electoral college through ignominious means
Disputed electoral votes: SC, LA, OR, FL
Electoral Commission
15 members (8 Republicans, 7 Democrats) award election to “Rutherfraud” B. Hayes

31. Compromise of 1877
Democrats will drop Tilden’s claims in exchange for:
End of Reconstruction in the South
Withdrawal of federal troops (SC, LA)
Federal subsidies for infrastructure
“Home Rule”