1. Lamps
Chapter 5
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

2. Families Incandescent Tungsten-halogen Discharge
Fluorescent, cold cathode, neon
HID (High-Intensity Discharge)
LED (Light-emitting diode)
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

3. Lamps

4. Characteristics Light output Efficacy Color Lamp life
Maintenance factors
Cost
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

5. Comparative lamp efficacy

6. Lamp life

7. Consider heat load on building too…

8. Naming
Wattage + Bulb shape + Bulb size [+other information]

9. Incandescent Lamps Operating principles:
Electrical current heats tungsten filament until incandescence
Heat causes filament to thin and break
Fragments of tungsten deposit on glass
Bulb made of blown soda lime (soft) glass
Inert gases added to bulb to reduce oxidization of tungsten filament

11. Standard shapes

12. Three-way lamps Two filaments: One filament for lowest wattage (50)
Second filament produces next highest wattage (100)
Two filaments operating together produce highest illumination wattage level (150)
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

13. Fun facts 10–15% of energy produces light
Dimming reduces amount of light and heat
Operating voltage affect life
Any mounting position
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

14. Advantages Greatest amount of flexibility
Directional or non-directional illumination
Varied size and shape
Easy dimming
Quick on
Frequent starts
High optical control
Low initial cost
Excellent CRI
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

15. Disadvantages Low efficacy rating Generation of heat
Relatively short life
Damages artwork, fabrics, and other precious materials
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

16. Options Frosted lamps: Acid etch Soft-white: Coated with silica
Crown-silvered lamps: Coating covering top half
Rough service
Protective shielding
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

17. Reflector incandescent
Reflector (R) lamp:
Improves efficacy and directional qualities
Halogen parabolic aluminized reflector (PAR)
Elliptical reflector (ER)
Multifaceted reflector (MR)
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

18. Beam spread ranges Spot to flood Codes: Example:
SP, NS, VNSP, WFL, MWFL, VWFL
Example:
SP10: a spot lamp with a 10% beam distribution
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

20. Reflector (R) and Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR) Lamps

21. Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Halogen regenerative cycle:
Evaporated tungsten redeposit on the filament
Requires a heat-resistant glass (quartz)
~ 20-30% more efficient than incandescent
Longer life
Whiter light
Higher color temperature and efficacy rating
MR 16, MR11 MR8, and PAR popular
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

22. Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Line voltage
Low-voltage with a transformer:
Device to step down electrical current
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

23. The halogen effect

24. Different lamps come with different bases: can help (or hurt) inventory control

25. Halogen incandescent lamps shapes and their designations

26. Fluorescent Lamps
Electrical current passes through hot tungsten cathodes at end of tube
Tube with low-pressure mercury vapor gas and other inert gases
Cathodes emit electrons that excite mercury gas
Vaporized mercury produces radiant energy
Phosphorous coating determines color of the light
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

28. Lamp shapes and sizes T12, T8, and T5 Decoding catalog #: F48T8CW
Fluorescent (F) lamp
48 watts (48)
Tubular shape (T)
8/8” in diameter (8)
Cool-white color (CW)
Inch mark = Tahoma font
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

30. Ballast construction Can effect efficacy of luminaire Generally considered hazardous waste

31. Advantages Energy efficient High lumen output Long life
Radiate less heat than incandescent
Moderate initial cost
Low operating cost
Variety of color options
Use up to 80% less energy than incandescent
Can last up to 18 times longer than incandescent

32. Disadvantages Needs ballast Flickering can occur Indoor use only
Time needed to reach maximum lumen output
Sensitive to ambient temperatures
Dimming is expensive
Shape and size limitations
Mismatches with lamps and ballasts
Variations between lamp manufacturers
Continuous on and off is detrimental to life and performance of lamp

33. Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)
1 or 2 linear fluorescent tubes are folded, bent, or twisted
Twin, triple, and quad tubes
Ballast:
Separate control gear or
Built into the unit (integral system)
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

34. Advantages Disadvantages Replacement for incandescent
Crummy replacement for incandescent
CRI, color temp, warm-up time

36. High-Intensity Discharge (HID)

37. HID Functions Similar to fluorescent lamp:
Illumination begins with arc between 2 electrodes
Operates in a gas-filled cylindrical tube
Requires ballasts
Creates radiant energy from gases and metal vapors
Doesn’t use phosphors to generate light in visible range
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

38. Metal Halide Lamp shapes

39. Restrike time

40. Advantages – HID Lamps HID characteristics:
MH gives decent CRI, color temp.
Very good optical control
Very high efficacy
Very long life
Operation in a wide range of ambient temperatures
Positive long-term economics
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

41. Disadvantages – HID Lamps
Long start-up time (up to 5 min.)
Long re-start time (up to 15 min.)
Color shifts during the life of lamp
Variations in color between the same lamps
Strict ballast requirements
Not easily dimmable
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

42. LED lamps

43. Operation
Not called “lamps”

44. Electrons jump across gap between “N” and “P” metal plates

45. Designated driver Constant voltage type Constant current type
Can add more (parallel circuit)
Typical of string lights
Constant current type
Total voltage for entire circuit
Requires more precise planning
More efficient
Better dimming

47. Advantages of LED Can be made in almost any incandescent bulb shape
Can be made in almost any fluorescent bulb shape
Very long life (20, ,000 hours)
Very high efficacy ( lumens/W)
Dimmable

48. Disadvantages of LED Very high initial cost Heat dissipation concerns
CRIs typically only in the 80’s

49. Light source selection criteria

50. Other more rare types… OLEDs Cold Cathode and Neon Fiber optics
Planar source
Cold Cathode and Neon
Both have very long life, decorative applications
Fiber optics
Usually uses Metal Halide as source

51. In-class exercise Sketch RCP of assigned room
Count lamps in each luminaire
Guess wattage
Fluorescents are probably 32W
Incandescent downlights are 100W
Metal Halides are 150W
Total up (make a little chart)
Find price in lightbulbs.com
Calculate total cost of lamps
Chapter 3
Electrical Sources
© 2006 Fairchild Publications, Inc.

52. Groups of two VPAC 204 and 205 VPAC Main gallery The Lodge
Academic Center SW lobby and corridor
Academic Center café
Science Building main lobby